Cost/effectiveness analysis of alcoholism and drug abuse treatment programs: the relevance of recidivism and resource absorption.

Cost/effectiveness measures are increasingly being applied to alcoholism and drug abuse treatment programs. Program evaluators usually regard readmissions as inadequate for assessing outcome, and resource absorption is rarely examined; this paper presents the argument that increased attention to recidivism and resource absorption is integral to the program evaluation process. Readmissions formed 53% of admissions to U.S. drug abuse programs, and in alcoholism treatment centers, 4% of the patients accounted for 24% of the detoxications. Problems with assessing cost/effectiveness are associated with duration of treatment, average cost, time span of analyses, quasi-experimental designs, multiple episodes of treatment, "silting up", and extrapolation. Five approaches to dealing with these problems are suggested: analyzing existing program data bases for recidivism and resource absorption, considering recidivism when evaluating programs, tempering clinical enthusiasm with skepticism, matching patients with levels of care appropriate to previous treatment history, and assessing additional benefit derived from increasing amounts of care per patient as part of cost/effectiveness analysis.     

浅谈A房地产企业的营销策略

随着房产行业的快速发展,行业内的竞争、资源的整合、国家各种政策法规的相继出台,使房产行业逐渐趋于成熟。特别是在国家新政策限购令出台的市场环境中,房产开发商必须审视夺度、占领先机,以求在激烈的竞争中站稳脚跟。本文按照营销学中的4P理论对房产的营销策略做了粗略的探讨,以A地产为例,阐述了房产市场4P营销策略。     

四级网考对大学英语教学的反拨作用研究

四级网考是大学英语改革的一项重要内容，是计算机网络技术背景下大学英语等级考试的必然发展趋势。通过对四级网考试卷构成、考试内容、题型设计、考试难度等方面的具体特点分析，探讨实施网考将对大学英语教学产生的反拨作用，并总结了网络考试对大学英语教学的几点启示，以期对大学英语教学有一定的指导作用和帮助。     

五四报刊文化批评的隐晦结构及其流弊——以陈独秀和《新青年》为主线

五四时期的革命知识分子在文化高压下,回避政治批评,然后在文化批评领域阐发文化救国的理想化设想,他们当时的议论在特殊的时代背景下形成一个外显内隐的张力结构,充满了斗争精神,但是也为一般民众的阅读制造了较大障碍,以至于当时的批儒在二十世纪中后期的中国大陆被大规模误读。本文旨在重返五四文化批评现场,澄清事实真相,为今天的社会发展理清文化思路。     

论沈从文的“五四”观

作为五四后期作家，沈从文与五四始终保持着密切联系。他主张恢复新文学传统，弘扬“热情”、“天真，，的五四精神，重构现代文学新的生态环境。在这一过程中，沈从文与五四人的交往构成了他五四观形成的重要中介,而作为编辑与读者的相互制约和创作与评论中的反思则促进了他五四观的形成与发展。     

The impact of labor unionization on monitoring costs

This paper analyzes the impact of labor unionization on monitoring costs. Our findings show that monitoring costs are significantly higher for unionized firms. We demonstrate that the more complex, industrial relations structures that characterize unionized firms increase monitoring risks and corporate costs. We further show that monitoring agents consider political ideology supportive to labor unions as a parameter that enhances relevant costs. Additionally, we demonstrate that monitoring costs are lower in the presence of employee share ownership. We conclude that labor unionization increases the costs of monitoring agents, a burden which is amplified or mitigated depending on the structure of industrial relations.     

Decentralization and growth: Do informal institutions and rule of law matter?

We develop a model of the interactions among decentralization, informal institutions and the rule of law. The model sheds light on the ambiguous empirical results reported in the literature regarding the growth effects of the policy of devolving fiscal responsibility to local governments. We find that the distribution of civicness within a country determines the magnitude of the effects of decentralization on its regional convergence, as well as whether decentralization fosters or dampens the country’s national growth. We perform a series of simulated “reforms” using Monte Carlo methods parameterized using OECD countries data set. We then test our findings using a panel data set of 23 OECD countries covering the period 1975–2010. We find that the short and the long run growth effect of decentralization policy depends on the size of the policy reform and can range from extremely negative to positive depending on the rule of law, the level of social capital and its regional dispersion, in line with the model predictions.     

A three-state continuous time Markov chain model for HIV disease burden

Plasma HIV viral load (VL) is the clinical indicator used to evaluate disease burden for HIV-infected patients. We developed a covariate-adjusted, three-state, homogenous continuous time Markov chain model for HIV/AIDS disease burden among subgroups. We defined Detectable and Undetectable HIV VL levels as two transient states and Death as the third absorbing state. We implemented the exact maximum likelihood method to estimate the parameters with related asymptotic distribution to conduct hypothesis testing. We evaluated the proposed model using HIV-infected individuals from South Carolina (SC) HIV surveillance data. Using the developed model, we estimated and compared the transition hazards, transition probabilities, and the state-specific duration for HIV-infected individuals. We examined gender, race/ethnicity, age, CD4 count, place of residence, and antiretroviral treatment regimen prescribed at the beginning of the study period. We found that patients with a higher CD4 count, increased age, heterosexual orientation, white, and single tablet regimen users were associated with reduced risk of transitioning to a Detectable VL from an Undetectable VL, whereas shorter time since diagnosis, being male, and injection drug use increased the risk of the same transition.     

五四时期社团的整体特征－－从与戊戌学会之比较谈起

五四时期，中国思想文化史上出现了一道独特的景观－社团林立，异彩纷呈。种历史景观决不是偶发的现象，而是中国人积郁已久的思想在社会转型时期迸发的结果，也是人们要求社会变革的政治动机在思想文化领域的生动体现。这种现象是中国近现代史上继戊戌学会高潮之后的又一次社团活动的高峰。然而，由于时代和思想文化氛围的不同，使五四社团在其思想宗旨、成员成分、活动内容等方面，都显示出与戊戌学会之不同，表现出自己独有的风貌和特征。     

3,4-二氯甲苯的合成

以对氯甲苯为原料,经直接氯化合成3,4-二氯甲苯。选择AlCl_3/S_2Cl_2为催化剂,经正交试验得最佳反应条件为:反应温度100℃、催化剂浓度2.O％、主辅催化剂配比1:0.5,此时3,4-二氯甲苯在二氯甲苯中的选择性达51％,单程收率为41.5％。