Sanctioning as a social norm: Expectations of non-strategic sanctioning in a public goods game experiment

Sanctioning increases cooperation in public goods games, but not indiscriminately under all conditions and in all societies, and the mechanisms by which sanctioning exercises its impact on behavior are yet to be studied in detail. We show experimentally that in the presence of sanctioning, our experimental subjects adjust their behavior in order to avoid being a free rider. They do this not only in the STANDARD sanctions treatment, where they directly experience any sanctions assigned to them, but also in our main treatment, the SECRET sanctions treatment, where no information on sanctions received is available until the end of the experiment. We observe no such free riding avoidance in the treatment without sanctioning. The mere knowledge that sanctions might be assigned increases cooperation among the members of our subject pool; subjects expect that non-strategic sanctioning occurs against the free riders. Moreover, these expectations are correct as we observe a similar pattern and extent of sanctioning in both treatments. We propose that sanctioning in itself is a social norm and may be culturally dependent, as suggested in the literature.     

第四代移动通信（4G）的技术分析与发展前景

文章介绍了第四代移动通信的概念,主要应用的技术以及4G的发展前景.     

The duration of unemployment in Russia

This paper uses longitudinal survey data to assess factors affecting the duration of unemployment in Russia. We examine four types of marginalised labour force participants, according to ILO guidelines and survey responses, and we estimate duration models for each type. It turns out that the sets of characteristics with the strongest effects on the duration are remarkably similar across the different unemployment definitions and model specifications. Therefore, despite the formidable practical measurement problems, problematic groups of individuals can actually be identified. Received: 27 January 1999/Accepted: 27 January 2000     

大学生考试作弊现象分析及对策

考试是对教学效果的检验 ,是对大学生掌握科学知识程度的检验 ,而考试作弊现象则严重影响了这种检验的真实性 ,不利于合格人才的培养。对大学生考试作弊现象进行认真的分析和研究 ,采取的对策是十分必要的     

五四时期中国人民对社会主义的认识

文章从分析近代中国社会基本矛盾入手 ,阐明了中国人民选择社会主义的原因 ,揭示了在中国实行社会主义制度是历史发展必然规律。这对我们坚定不移地走社会主义道路具有现实意义     

略论刘少奇对党建理论的突出贡献

本文从党的建党路线、党的群众路线、党的民主集中制、党性和党风等方面 ,阐明了刘少奇对党建理论的突出贡献。     

高校"两课"教改目标实行"4 y"课程体系探讨

依据国务院、中宣部和教育部《关于进一步加强和改进大学生思想政治教育》的文件精神,结合我国普通高校"两课"教学与改革实际,提出把"4 y"课程体系锁定为各高校"两课"教改整体目标的明确主张。这对统一各高校"两课"教学思想与课程设置;降低各高校"两课"教学的教育成本;减轻高校学生学业负担,更好地适应国家与社会,特别是研究生入学考试对高校毕业生所应储备的相关政治理论知识与思想道德品质的实际需求等具有现实意义。     

Sr2CeO4荧光粉的制备与发光性能研究

以铈、锶的碳酸盐与柠檬酸为原料用改良柠檬酸-凝胶法合成了Sr2CeO4荧光粉,用荧光光谱(PL)检测Sr2CeO4的发光性能.实验研究发现,用改良柠檬酸-凝胶法合成的Sr2CeO4荧光粉具有宽带光谱,发射光谱的最大峰位于467 nm;研究还发现,恰当的焙烧温度,加入少量硝酸铵有利于获得发光亮度高的Sr2CeO4粉末.     

Pb02与Mn2+反应趋势的探究

以实验为基础,对PbO2与Mn2+的反应进行了研究,其结果表明在酸性溶液中强氧化剂PbO2氧化Mn2+的主要产物为MnO4-,反应物浓度、温度及酸度等反应条件是影响反应自发进行方向的重要因素,作者还运用化学热力学方法进行了讨论,从理论上阐明了反应趋势与酸度、温度的关系.     

大学生英语学习动机与四级考试成绩关系的研究

学习动机是学生学习的内在动力,它决定了学生学习的主动性和努力程度。本文采取定量研究的方法,对大学生的英语学习动机和英语四级考试成绩的关系进行研究。该研究结果对大学英语教学具有一定的启示。