基于均等比的儿童贫困研究

均等比旨在更真实地反映不同家庭的需求支出情况,调整不同结构、不同规模家庭的收入差异。对我国数据的分析发现,不同均等比下测得的儿童贫困数值不同。我国儿童相对贫困情况较为严峻,区域和城乡间差异不明显;但绝对贫困情况在城乡之间、区域之间存在差异。应该在我国儿童贫困问题研究中引入均等比的概念,科学测度儿童贫困水平。     

香妃魂魄归何处

一二百年来,香妃这个传奇人物流传着两种版本,其一是根据大量史实以及陵墓出土遗骸,翔实地考证了香妃(宫中敕封"客妃")的生平,作为维吾尔族女子,深居清官28年,生活习俗备受尊重,墓中残留下"奉安拉之名"的<古兰经>文碎片,表明她的穆斯林身份.最可贵的是她所属"和卓氏"家族反对民族分裂,维护祖国统一,作出有力贡献,成为促进...     

A Comparison of the Effectiveness of Various Approaches to Visiting Isolated Community Elderly

Two studies were conducted evaluating the effectiveness of friendly visitor programs in increasing clients' life satisfaction. Study 1 found no difference between face-to-face visiting, phone visiting, and a no treatment control on client life satisfaction. Study 2 found a marginally significant difference in favor of a personal history approach over a companionship approach to visiting in increasing client life satisfaction. Clients' living situation (alone or with others) had no effect on changes in life satisfaction in Study 1. However, in Study 2 clients who lived with someone increased their life satisfaction more than clients who lived alone.     

Juvenile Delinquency in Search of a Practice Model: Family Health,Differential Association,and Social Control

ABSTRACT

Historically, practice research on juvenile delinquency has often been guided by the theories of differential association and social control. However, current research indicates that no matter what theory of delinquency is pursued, it has had little effect on decreasing juvenile arrest and violent crime rates. This article will explore the dynamics of the theories of differential association and social control in relation to juvenile delinquency. These linear, normative, and deficit-based theories are then contrasted with family health practice, an alternative theory and intervention model which focuses on the multiple forms and needs of families and their strengths. Specific family health practice principles and interventions are suggested for practice with families in which juvenile delinquency occurs. Finally, a case example utilizing family health interventions is presented.     

The Composite Biography as a Methodological Tool for the Study of Childhood in History

This article presents a composite biography of an orphaned girl and her mother in Medieval London. Though the mother was sound in mind and body, she had no control over her daughters inheritance and place of residence. In addition, her underage daughter was married without her consent. The composite biography can bring to life the otherwise dry renditions of families experiences that are present in court records and other historical documents.     

费希特论家庭权利——费希特权利哲学研究之一

费希特认为,由夫妻之婚姻关系、父母与子女关系组成的家庭关系是高于权利法则的自然和道德法则所建立和规定的,它是一种自然关系、道德关系,而不是权利关系。因此,在家庭内部关系中不存在权利和义务,家庭权利或婚姻权利是夫妻作为一个统一的权利主体之权利相对于其他权利主体及其权利而言的。同时,在家庭关系上,国家及其法律仅具有消极功能,不得干涉家庭之夫妻生活、教养孩子等内部事务,但国家为了自身的存在,根据公民契约有权利和义务保障一切有利于家庭关系和家庭权利健康发展的外部条件。     

Strain and Enrichment in the Role of Employed Mothers in Israel

This paper analyzed some central elements in the dual role behavior of Israeli employed mothers. Two approaches can be distinquished in the study of working mothers specifically, and multiple role sets in general. The role-strain approach maintains that the two sub-roles compete for scarce resources, thus impairing their performance and adversely affecting the role occupant and her contibution to society. The enrichment approach empphasizes the reciprocal complementarity of the sub-roles and, as a result, the advantages which may compensate for the strain. Some of the skills and assets acquired in one aspect of a dual role are likely to help the role occupant improve their performance and ward off burnout. The balance between strain and enrichment characteristics the Israeli working mother was examined, and the conditions under which strain diminishes while enrichment increases were identified. A representative sample of 1,500 married couples were interviewed by means of a structured questionnaire. The main findings are:

-The average burden, measured in hours, carried by the working mother is larger than the comparable burden on married fathers or on homemakers.

-Decreasing the number of children reduces the gap between self image at work and the one at home, whereas a decrease in the hours of paid employment reduces the sense of burnout.

-Mothers who are rich in resources, schooling, income, and occupational prestige, tend to moderate the role-strain by reducing their tasks: the number of children and the amount of work hours.

-Mothers who are rich in resources are able to recruit hired help to ease the burden involved in the dual role, but they do not manage to enlist greater help from their husbands.

-Mothers who are rich in resources succeed in maintaining work continuity more than do mothers having limited resources.

-Mothers who are rich in resources tend to perceive their work as contributing to their children's education.

The findings indicate that the dual role encompasses elements of strain, internal competition for scarce resources as well as elements of enrichment. The general ramifications of these findings pertaining to the employment of women and to sexual equality are discussed.     

The stability of job and family involvement: Applying the multi-wave,multi-variable technique to longitudinal data

The main aim of the study was to examine the stability of job and family involvement, applying multi-wave, multi-variable modelling within the framework of LISREL models. The abbreviated job and family involvement scales based on Kanungo's (1979, 1982) motivational model were examined on the basis of 3-year longitudinal data. The study was carried out by means of questionnaires, which were filled in by Finnish employees (n = 109) on three occasions. The results show that both job and family involvement remained relatively stable during the follow-up period. Further, the scales showed reasonable unidimensionality across time. In addition, the item reliability of the scales was found to be adequate. Of the demographic characteristics studied (i.e. gender, age, socioeconomic status, presence of children at home, age of the youngest child) only gender had a significant effect on involvement: men were found to be more involved with their jobs than were women.     

新生代独生子女婚恋失败偏多的成因分析与治理措施

新生代独生子女为已陆续进入婚恋高峰期，一个奇异的现象是“闪恋，闪婚，闪离”现象居多，究其主要原因在于社会文化多元化背景下，自我意识增强与包容性趋弱，期望值过高与现实生活反差大。容当加强教育疏导并辅以必要的措施，使之以理智的态度对待婚恋和家庭生活中可能遇到的矛盾和问题，提高生活质量。