Involvement of Ministries of Health in Health Service Coverage Decisions: Is England an Aberrant Case?

This article examines the involvement of ministries of health in making health service coverage decisions in Denmark, England, France and Germany. The study aims to inform debate in England about the feasibility of reducing perceived ministerial and bureaucratic ‘interference’ in decisions affecting the National Health Service, based on interviews with senior government officials and other health system stakeholders. Ministries of health differ in their involvement in health system governance and coverage decisions (‘the benefits package’), reflecting differences in institutional arrangements. In all four countries, organizations at arm's length or independent from government are either involved in providing technical advice to the ministry of health or have been mandated to take these decisions themselves. However, ministries of health occasionally intervene in the decision‐making process or ignore the advice of these organizations. The Department of Health in England is not an aberrant case, at least in relation to coverage decisions. Indeed, ministries of health in Denmark and France play a larger role in making these decisions. Public pressure, often amplified by the media, is a shared reason for ministerial and ministry involvement in all four countries. This dynamic may thus limit the feasibility of attempts to further separate the NHS from both the Department of Health and wider political pressures.     

论晚清俭奢观的嬗变

晚清俭奢观的演变大致经历了三个时期:第一个时期是十九世纪四五十年代,经世派开始对传统的“黜奢崇俭”进行反思;第二个时期是在60年代到90年代,洋务派、维新派等则对之予以揭露、批判;第三个时期是在十九、二十世纪之交,革命派与立宪派的批判兼具有相当的理性色彩。总体看来,晚清俭奢观的嬗变经历了相形复杂的过程,在不同的时期,人们对俭与奢的认同感迥异,或偏激,或理性,但其递进色彩明显,一脉相承,日趋完善而成熟,并显现出不同的个性特征。     

思想自由·独立思考·大胆质疑——“史学现代化”国际学术研讨会概述

学者们在"史学现代化"国际学术研讨会上就会议主题包括历史的规律、属性、功能与原因、史学观念以及主体与客体、史学现代化的内涵与趋向等史学理论和方法诸重要议题进行了热烈而深入的探讨,并且在有关问题上达成了一定的共识。这无疑会有益于丰富、充实史学的内容,从而把史学现代化推向新高度。     

谈校园音乐剧活动对大学生成长所起的作用

具有多元化特征的音乐剧，对培养创新人才及培养大学生完美的人格有着积极的教育作用．     

论多民族国家的政治理念及其贡献--以中国多民族国家与美国民族-国家的比较为例

西方学者认为,当前的世界是一个由“民族-国家(nation-state)”构成的“国际体系”。随着工业资本主义的全球扩张,“民族-国家”体系也已经扩张到全球的每一个角落;“民族主义(nationalism)”迄今为止仍然是全球范围内影响最为深远、最具有号召力的政治口号之一。但中国作为一个特例,在经历了引进“民族主义”话语的时代以后,却最终选择了“多民族国家”的政治理念,并在现实运作中稳步发展,这表明“民族-国家”及其“民族主义”意识形态并非这个世界上的唯一选择。     

试论杨应琚教育主张对青海教育的影响

本文回顾了青海历史上著名的教育者,着重论述了杨应琚的教育主张以及采取的教育措施,并论述了对青海教育的影响。     

卡约文化的丧葬礼仪

根据大量的考古发掘资料 ,说明卡约文化墓葬出现的诸多丧葬习俗 ,均源自当时人们的灵魂观念 ,并由此产生了各种丧葬礼仪     

图书馆的知识管理与可持续发展策略

新世纪图书馆具有与过去迥然不同的特征,在知识经济的背景下,图书馆要拓展发展空间,实现可持续发展,就必须与时俱进,积极实施知识管理,不断提高知识创新和知识服务能力。本文从管理观念创新、管理模式创新、管理体制创新、管理内容创新四个方面论述了知识经济时代图书馆管理创新的重要性。并阐述了图书馆可持续发展的重要性及实现图书馆可持续发展的具体措施。     

基于生态理念的北京市新城发展模式

运用系统论的方法,通过分析北京市生态新城发展模式的构成要素及相应的子系统,以及分析在新城发展层次划分基础上的新城发展运行机制,研究构建基于生态理念的北京市新城发展模式。该模式是政治、经济、社会和环境各子系统之间的相互作用与影响、协调和谐运行,通过新城发展的内在机制、外在机制以及动力机制的作用,实现从新城规划建设到新城运行维护再到新城更新进步各个发展层次新城内部的生态系统的优化,以及新城与中心城之间相互促进与共同发展的模式。     

Master Production Scheduling Under Rolling Planning Horizons with Fixed Order Intervals

Fixed interval scheduling is studied in the context of a rolling horizon framework that is developed by building on previous work in the master scheduling area. The rolling horizon framework includes a stationary scheduling model which uses the “time fencing’concept by partitioning the planning horizon into three sections. The lengths of these sections and the frequency at which the stationary problem is updated and resolved are discussed as parameters of the rolling horizon model. Two different interpretations of the freeze interval parameter are examined, enabling confirmation and clarification of results presented in an earlier study. Details are given for three methods of calculating safety stocks as a function of rolling horizon parameters, including a method which results in optimal safety stock levels. A comparison of the safety stock methods shows that the constant safety stock method can result in inventories that are significantly above optimal under certain conditions, whereas the constant service level method consistently yields nearly optimal results.