试论西周初期的“德”观念——以今文《周书》为中心的考察

周初之“德”是一个较为宽泛的观念,它可以分为以德配天、敬德保民、明德慎罚、任德尚贤四个重要组成部分,其价值与意义主要体现在政治领域,“德”是周人为论证政权的合法性及谋求政权的持久性而提出的。从内涵上来看,“德”字在周初尽管有了道德的意义,但“德”观念在人自身内在心灵的领域尚未达到深入的程度,“德”的外在意义在周初占有主导地位,它与后世具有普遍意义的个体心性道德还有一定的差距,并不等同于我们今天所说的“道德”。     

The effects of job displacement on job quality: Findings from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study

This study examines the extent to which job displacement divides the career experiences for a cohort of workers. Previous studies of job displacement find nontrivial economic losses for displaced workers, but the effects of displacement on “non-economic” properties of jobs have been largely overlooked. Results using the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study indicate that workers who were displaced have lower levels of occupational status, job authority, and employer-offered pension and health insurance than they would have had had they not been displaced. Difference-in-differences estimates, which control for temporally-invariant unobserved heterogeneity, are generally larger than cross-sectional estimates; still, there is a close correspondence of estimates across a range of methodological approaches attesting to the robustness of the estimates in the face of various technical assumptions and model specifications. Effects of displacement on job quality also exhibit conditioning by gender, education, occupation, and industry: while less educated, blue collar and manufacturing workers experience significant losses for employer-offered benefits, more educated, upper white collar and non-manufacturing workers experience significant losses for occupational status, job autonomy, and job authority.     

信息化条件下流通商主导的供应链动态联盟

供应链动态联盟是信息技术发达、市场需求主导的条件下实现敏捷生产和流通的重要组织形式。是一种基于非正式契约的不完全市场交易方式。在消费者占据主导权、生产企业逐渐归核化（refkusing）的条件下,流通商在联盟中居于重要地位。文章论述了信息网络技术高度发达的条件下流通商主导的供应链动态联盟的运作机制,以期能够为建立和谐高效的产销关系提供理论支持。     

要素匹配与中国投资效率空间差异性——基于双层嵌套型函数的分解研究

本文基于四要素双层嵌套的生产函数,利用1990-2016年全国层面及省际层面数据测算投资效率,并分析其空间结构特征及演变轨迹,检验投资效率匹配效应影响因素。研究发现：①1990-2016年我国整体投资效率呈下降趋势,资本-技能劳动匹配效应与整体投资效率走势趋同,快速累积的资本存量和不断升级的资本质量与短缺的技能劳动之间矛盾突出。②东中西部地区投资效率增长非一致性明显。东部地区资本相对投资效率明显高于中西部,但下降幅度大于中西部,中西部与东部地区之间差距缩小,其中匹配效应是区域间投资效率非平衡的主要成因。③若产业结构升级的技能劳动需求不能满足,将引发要素错配,不利于有效投资。房价与工资提升分别通过影响技能劳动供给和需求抑制要素匹配效率;教育和公路设施会对地区要素匹配产生积极影响,改善地区间投资效率非均衡性;地区投资效率存在显著正向空间相关性,毗邻地区的要素流动和经济发展相近地区的技术溢出均对投资效率产生积极的影响。     

Using the Standardized Difference to Compare the Prevalence of a Binary Variable Between Two Groups in Observational Research

Researchers are increasingly using the standardized difference to compare the distribution of baseline covariates between treatment groups in observational studies. Standardized differences were initially developed in the context of comparing the mean of continuous variables between two groups. However, in medical research, many baseline covariates are dichotomous. In this article, we explore the utility and interpretation of the standardized difference for comparing the prevalence of dichotomous variables between two groups. We examined the relationship between the standardized difference, and the maximal difference in the prevalence of the binary variable between two groups, the relative risk relating the prevalence of the binary variable in one group compared to the prevalence in the other group, and the phi coefficient for measuring correlation between the treatment group and the binary variable. We found that a standardized difference of 10% (or 0.1) is equivalent to having a phi coefficient of 0.05 (indicating negligible correlation) for the correlation between treatment group and the binary variable.     

Edge Estimation in the Population of a Binary Tree Using Node-Sampling

Suppose a finite population of several vertices, each connected to single or multiple edges. This constitutes a structure of graphical population of vertices and edges. As a special case, the graphical population like a binary tree having only two child vertices associated to parent vertex is taken into consideration. The entire binary tree is divided into two sub-graphs such as a group of left-nodes and a group of right-nodes. This paper takes into account a mixture of graph structured and population sampling theory together and presents a methodology for mean-edge-length estimation of left sub-graph using right edge sub-graph as an auxiliary source of information. A node-sampling procedure is developed for this purpose and a class of estimators is proposed containing several good estimators. Mathematical conditions for minimum bias and optimum mean squared error of the class are derived and theoretical results are numerically supported with a test of 99% confidence intervals. It is shown that suggested class has a sub-class of optimum estimators, and sample-based estimates are closer to the true value of the population parameter.     

Finite sample properties of ml and reml estimators in time series regression models with long memory noise

Finite sample properties of ML and REML estimators in time series regression models with fractional ARIMA noise are examined. In particular, theoretical approximations for bias of ML and REML estimators of the noise parameters are developed and their accuracy is assessed through simulations. The impact of noise parameter estimation on performance of t -statistics and likelihood ratio statistics for testing regression parameters is also investigated.     

A note on properties of spatial yule-walker estimators

For two-dimensional spatial autoregressive (AR) models, asymptotic properties of the spatial Yule-Walker (YW) estimators (Tjøstheim, 1978) are studied. These estimators although consistent, are shown to be asymptotically biased. Estimators from the first-order spatial bilateral AR model are looked at in more detail and the spatial YW estimators for this model are compared with the exact maximum likelihood estimators. Small sample properties of both estimators are also discussed briefly and some simulation results are presented.     

杜子春音和二郑音的音义匹配

杜子春音和二郑音,无效音切的比例相当高。除读为外,杜子春音和二郑音都不是杜子春和二郑注的,而是陆德明注的。     

Stable matching problems with exchange restrictions

We study variants of classical stable matching problems in which there is an additional requirement for a stable matching, namely that there should not be two participants who would prefer to exchange partners. The problem is motivated by the experience of real-world medical matching schemes that use stable matchings, where cases have arisen in which two participants discovered that each of them would prefer the other’s allocation, a situation that is seen as unfair. Our main result is that the problem of deciding whether an instance of the classical stable marriage problem admits a stable matching, with the additional property that no two men would prefer to exchange partners, is NP-complete. This implies a similar result for more general problems, such as the hospitals/residents problem, the many-to-one extension of stable marriage. Unlike previous NP-hardness results for variants of stable marriage, the proof exploits the powerful algebraic structure underlying the set of all stable matchings. In practical matching schemes, however, applicants’ preference lists are typically of short fixed length, and we describe a linear time algorithm for the problem in the special case where all of the men’s preference lists are of length ≤3.