L'Asie est‐elle sur la voie de la flexicurité?

Face à la concurrence mondiale, de nombreux pays optent pour la flexicurité, ce qui permet aux employeurs d'embaucher et de licencier avec plus de flexibilité tout en aidant les travailleurs à passer d'un emploi à l'autre. L'étude de six pays d'Asie montre que la Chine et la République de Corée ont mis en œuvre cette flexicurité; Singapour et la Malaisie y adhèrent à certains égards, mais sans l'assurance chmage; l'Inde et le Sri Lanka ont introduit peu de réformes et opèrent toujours sur la base d'un système traditionnel de sécurité d'emploi à la charge de l'employeur. Pour aider les travailleurs du secteur informel, les gouvernements de la Chine, de l'Inde et du Sri Lanka ont recours à des programmes de travaux publics, d'emploi indépendant et de formation professionnelle.     

Urban culture and physical and sports activities. The "sportification" of parkour and street golf as cultural mediation

The article explores the process of "sportification"--i.e., processing physical activity in a sport regulated by a set of rules and standards, legitimized by supervisory institutions--from two originals practices, parkour and urban golf. To study these practices, we crossed the contributions of urban sociology and of the contemporary sociology of sport while respecting the methodological principles of qualitative sociology. A first point concerns the process of"sport" itself, its definition, its various stages, and the role played by communication of stakeholders on public space. The cultural mediation shows us how to institutionalize the movement that represents the "sports" resulted in the same time reconfiguration of physical practices themselves. Recent events illustrate the ongoing reconfiguration, we will detail them. Finally, we show the effects produced by the process on the definition of urban culture and sports: setting sight of activities, enhanced cooperation with the media-cultural, polarization between different types of practical in the case of parkour, around a confrontation between two of the founders.     

Developing countries and systemic pension reforms: Reflections on some emerging problems

Since 1981 close to forty countries have introduced systemic pension reforms that have replaced all or part of prior pay‐as‐you‐go (PAYG) schemes with privately managed funded defined contribution (FDC) pillars or systems. However, over the past decade about half of these countries have subsequently cutback on, or entirely eliminated, these FDC schemes. In this article we explore some of the reasons why this reversal is often taking place in developing countries. As part of our analysis we propose a new pension reform typology that goes beyond the commonly used dichotomy between PAYG and pension privatization. We identify and discuss four factors that are of particular relevance to those seeking to understand the pension policy reversals that have been taking place in many developing countries: low pension coverage and incentive incompatibility, triple burden costs, tradeoffs between pension reforms and social pensions, and difficulties with annuitization.     

Paid parental leave and other supports for parents with young children: The United States in international comparison

The United States is at a crossroads in its policies for families and women. Currently, the United States provides basic support for children, fathers, and mothers in the form of unpaid parental leave, child‐related tax breaks, and limited public child care. In contrast, the other member states of the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) empower families through paid parental leave and comprehensive investments in infants and children. The potential gains from strengthening these policies in the United States are enormous. Paid parental leave and subsidized child‐care help to get and keep more women in the workforce, contribute to economic growth, offer cognitive and health benefits to children, and give parents options in defining their preferred work‐life strategy. Indeed, the United States has been falling behind the rest of the OECD in many social and economic indicators by not adequately investing in children, fathers and mothers. Given the significant payoffs to these family supports, this article focuses on issues of reconciling work and care commitments for families with young children, and, in particular, on paid parental leave policies within the OECD and the United States.     

Oracle 9i数据库的性能调整和优化

分析了影响数据库性能的各方面因素,介绍调整和优化Oracle 9i数据库服务器的一些方法。     

Les pratiques d'achat prédatrices dans les chaînes d'approvisionnement mondiales de la confection: effet sur les conditions de travail et d'emploi en Inde

Les atteintes aux droits des travailleurs au sein des chaînes d'approvisionnement mondiales de la confection sont bien documentées aujourd'hui. En revanche, on ignore souvent que le problème tend à s'aggraver sous l'effet des politiques d'achat agressives de clients toujours plus puissants. L'exemple de filières indiennes montre que ces pressions se répercutent sur les salaires, qu'elles encouragent les formes de travail atypiques et qu'elles banalisent la violence verbale et physique à l'encontre des travailleurs. Pour l'auteur, la solution passe par l'adoption de mécanismes de fixation des prix qui tiennent compte des coûts du travail décent, un cadre législatif adapté et une plus large implication des travailleurs.     

Volatilité des revenus salariaux et volatilité de l'emploi chez les jeunes en Europe

Les auteurs fournissent de nouveaux éléments d'appréciation sur la volatilité des revenus salariaux et de l'emploi chez les jeunes Européens après la crise de 2008. L'analyse, qui repose sur des données de la base EU‐SILC (2004–2013), révèle des différences de niveaux et de tendances importantes entre les pays. Sans surprise, l'instabilité augmente après la crise, mettant fin au recul enregistré précédemment. Une analyse de variance montre que les jeunes des pays d'Europe méridionale sont particulièrement exposés à la volatilité de l'emploi. Une régression à effets fixes permet d'associer certaines institutions (prestations de chômage et législation protectrice de l'emploi) à une baisse de l'instabilité.     

The old‐age pension law in Mexico: The promise of poverty in old age?

In 1997, Mexico replaced its main old‐age pension system with an individual capitalization system. In 2021, the first people subject to the new system will retire. Using a model that projects demographic and labour variables and using Monte Carlo simulations, the findings of this study show that in 2051 the percentage of men not having a pension will increase from 38 per cent to 59 per cent, and that of women from 44 per cent to 66 per cent. The replacement rate for the average Mexican worker will fall from 70 per cent to 30 per cent. The numbers of people in extreme poverty will increase by almost 2.8 million, representing 9.44 per cent of the population. Alternative scenarios are proposed that involve increasing the contribution rate and raising the retirement age.     

Inequity in access to the Argentinian pension system (1994–2017)

Pension coverage in Argentina is inequitably distributed between different income levels, both during working years and during retirement. The objective of the article is to study the evolution of inequity in access to the Argentinian pension system in terms of its association with the socio‐economic status of individuals during the period 1994–2017. An evaluation is offered of how variables such as sex, age, and educational attainment influence such inequity. It is concluded that, although the level of average coverage increased, inequity in access increased significantly in the years following the 1994 reform, both among the active and the inactive population. However, inequity in access among active persons did not improve substantially with the return to the pay‐as‐you‐go pension system, while it was considerably reduced among the inactive population. While the former are found to be affected to a greater extent in terms of coverage as a result of the pro‐educated bias among the active population, the latter outcome is thought to be a direct result of the transitory plan (Pension Inclusion Plan) for pension inclusion, after which inequity was to resume its upward course.