从昭通到石门坎——柏格理传教重心转移原因评析

昭通和石门坎是19世纪末、20世纪初英国基督教循道公会在中国西南先后的两个主要活动地区.以1905年为界,该会的传教重心既在两地之间发生了转移,也在汉苗两族间发生了转移.而由柏格理主持的这次转移既为教会传教带来完全不同的效果,同时,其意义也超出了宗教的范畴,带有对西南苗族文化启蒙的色彩.对其中的原因进行客观的探讨和梳理,无疑对于我国的民族与宗教政策具有一定的借鉴和参照作用.     

文化建构、认同与“古苗疆走廊”

历史上的“古苗疆走廊”,不仅是连接西南边陲云南与内地之间一条交通大动脉,并且也是由国家权力强力主导开辟的一条“国家走廊”和社会、政治、经济、文化的空间,对曾系“苗疆腹地”的贵州省的政治、经济及文化等方面都带来了广泛而深刻的影响。本文主要通过对历史上“古苗疆走廊”的形成过程的回顾．探讨了其“国家化”特征、汉族“移民文化”与少数民族“原生态文化”间的“整体性”与“多样性”之关系;并对贵州文化的“主体性”缺失和建构、文化的“族界化”现象、文化的“地域整体性”等问题也进行了若干反思,并就今后展开“古苗疆走廊”研究提出一些初步建议。     

贵州苗族迁徙史之特点及其意义

苗族在不同时期、不同方向入住贵州,给贵州输入了新的民族成分,为贵州增添了规模庞大的劳动生力军,为贵州山区的开发、经济社会的发展作出了突出而广泛的历史性贡献。苗族迁入贵州,有其独自的特点和意义。     

危机、忧患、教化——民国时期政府处理石门坎问题的模式探讨

20世纪30-40年代,英国传教士白格里等在贵州制造的石门坎文化圈现象及其由此引发的老苗文广为流传状况引起了国民政府及其学界有识之士的深刻忧患。为了消除其影响,稳固后方统治,发动边民＂抗建＂,国民政府从文字入手,以＂教化＂为重,断断续续地采取了一系列政策、措施。尽管这些举措没有取得其他明显的成效,但却在一定程度上推动了新苗文的研制工作和国语在民族地区的普及与传播。     

苗族和苗族地区文化发展的三个“特殊问题”分析

苗族和苗族地区文化发展存在三个＂特殊问题＂：一是主流话语关于＂基本文化权益＂的内容赋予未能充分考虑苗族和苗族地区的实际需求;二是政策体系、职能机构的设置以及权力运作的机制,同苗族文化发展的目标不形成对应支持;三是苗族文化遗产保护与利用工作在实际操作中的权利分配存在＂客大欺主＂的现象。这些问题的成因并不复杂,但若未能引起关注和及时解决,可能产生很不好的后果。针对问题提出三条对策建议。     

浅议苗族的生产文化

苗族是中华民族中最古老的民族之一,物质文化和精神文化非常丰富,物质文化中生产文化的历史也最悠久,其中以屈家岭文化最具代表性。苗族历史上曾有过五次大迁徙,每次迁徙到一个新区域,都艰苦奋斗,勤劳耕作,发展生产,改善生活,为人类的物质文化和精神文化作出了巨大贡献。     

论苗族在振兴中华中的作用

从研究苗族的中华认同、国家认同的重要意义,国内外研究苗族与中华认同、国家认同的基本情况和苗族与中华认同、国家认同的依据三个方面阐述了苗族在振兴中华过程中的作用。     

西医与近代中朝基督教的初传

新教传教士初到中朝时,都采用了医学传教的间接传教方法。由于他们入国的方式和行为不同,中朝两国统治者分别实行了禁、驰的政策,基督教迫于清廷的严禁和防范而借助本国武力和不平等条约的保护,为日后华人诟病;而在朝鲜宽容的环境下,基督教很好地融合到了朝鲜民族的历史命运中,获得了快速的发展。     

Black‐market Medicine and Public Opinion Towards the Welfare State: Evidence from Israel

Based on a survey and interviews, this article presents and analyses Israeli public opinion toward black‐market medicine (BMM) and the welfare state. In addition to providing quantitative and qualitative evidence of the existence of under‐the‐table payments in Israel, we suggest various insights into this phenomenon. While most citizens admit that they would consider making under‐the‐table payments in order to receive preferential medical treatment, when the questions mention words such as ‘illegal’ or ‘bribe’, respondents tend to be less tolerant of such activities. We find that, first, there is a basic willingness among Israeli citizens to use BMM. Second, despite this predilection, Israeli citizens are reluctant to articulate their willingness to engage in such illegal activities. This reluctance implies the existence of a moral barrier among the population as far as identifying themselves with illegal behaviour is concerned. We may infer the existence of a gap between declared attitudes and behaviour. Third, the fact that people's willingness to engage in BMM is greater than their willingness to adopt black‐market strategies in other areas signifies the special nature of health care. Finally, by connecting the phenomenon of BMM to public opinion regarding the welfare state, we point to a possible gap between normative attitudes and preferences produced by structural conditions.     

Self-Reported Incidence of Physical Violence in College Students

Abstract

A survey of a college student population indicates that physical abuse is prevalent in our society. The self-reported data were found to be similar to that occurring in the literature on parent-reported child abuse, documenting that approximately one-third of college students had a history of moderate abuse and 5 to 10% had a history of a severe abuse during their developmental years. Through an awareness of its high prevalence, the health care provider will question a history of physical violence when evaluating a student with a medical or psychosocial complaint and appropriately plan a management program including therapeutic counseling to decrease the effect of the prior or current physical abuse.