Putting schools as socio/economic institutions back into educational evaluation: A response to Kean and McNamara

A number of individuals have proposed the gradual refinement of existing programs, rather than their continual closing down, as a safeguard against educational fads and political pressures. The gradual refinement thesis is extended, refined, and criticized in this article. A different unit of analysis is proposed, one which takes into account the role of educational institutions in assisting in the reproduction of both cultural and economic inequality. It is argued that decisions about the gradual refinement of programs and institutions are not only technical but ideological and politico/economic in nature. Criteria for deciding on gradual refinement, based on a strategy of nonreformist reforms, are suggested.     

Policy analysis in a socioeconomic model of basic needs applied to four countries

This article summarizes the results of a socioeconomic model of basic needs that was applied to four countries—Brazil, Colombia, India, and Kenya. A modeling approach was thought necessary in order to make more precise the concept of basic needs. Although the work has not been entirely successful in doing that, from the policy experiment attempted, and given the limitations of the models used, we believe that an approach centered on the provision of basic needs will help the poorest satisfy their needs more quickly than is possible under alternative approaches.     

Jack Michael’s Motivation

Among many of Jack Michael''s contributions to the field of behavior analysis is his behavioral account of motivation. This paper focuses on the concept of motivating operation (MO) by outlining its development from Skinner''s (1938) notion of drive. Conceptually, Michael''s term helped us change our focus on how to study motivation by shifting its origins from the organism to the environment. Michael''s account also served to stimulate applied research and to better understand behavioral function in clinical practice.     

International cooperation in stockpiles and tariffs for coping with oil supply disruptions

This paper provides a unified treatment of oil stockpiling and demand restraint as policy responses for enhancing energy security and examines the implications of recent changes in the structure and performance of the international oil market for the design of policies. These issues are addressed using a dynamic programming framework in which international policy actions of key oil-importing countries are modeled as a Nash dynamic game. Significant policy implications from the analysis include: (1) the result that, with realistic assumptions about disruption risks and inventory capacities, differences between noncooperative and coordinated stockpile policies appear to be minor and (2) significant mutual gains could be reaped from a modest degree of collective restraint on normal market oil demand. The broader role of international cooperation in enhancing energy security is also discussed.     

The bureaucratic response to economic fluctuation: An econometric investigation of Hungarian investment policies

This paper develops bureaucratic response functions within a “deviation from trend” econometric model to determine those factors that were related to fluctuations in aggregate investment finding and in the sectoral distribution of that aggretate during 1960–1975. Investment in buildings and investment in machinery are analyzed separately. On the national level, investment funding is found to respond to indicators of well-being, plan targets, bottlenecks, and foreign trade variables. Sectoral investment funding is based mainly on priority considerations.     

Some Reflections on the Legacies of Michael White: An Australian Perspective

This article, which appears in a special 30‐year anniversary edition of the Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, reflects on the legacies of the work of Michael White. It begins by looking back on Michael's time as editor of the Australian Journal of Family Therapy. Of the many themes that were discussed in the Editorials and Letters to the Editor section of this journal in the early 1980s, this article focuses on three in particular to explore the legacies of the work of Michael White. The author describes how Michael has bequeathed not only a profound body of work, but also a distinctive spirit of originating, and ways of working that consider the effects of social issues and that examine the politics of experience. It is the author's hope that this approach to considering Michael White's legacies honours his work and also honours the contributions of the Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy in its 30th year.     

《时时刻刻》中的“房间”意象

在美国当代作家迈克尔·坎宁安的小说《时时刻刻》中,＂房间＂意象具有明显的悖论性：它既可以是现实中监禁的牢笼,又可以是释放自我的自由之所。小说借助＂房间＂这样一个共通意象将三位处于不同时空的女性连接起来。她们对理想中＂房间＂的探求其实就是对自我存在和自我实现的追寻。面对悖论式的生存状况,无论是选择自杀、逃离还是享受当下,皆出于人们对生活无尽的信仰和热爱。同时这三种选择也表现出宏观上的进步性,反映出现代人在追寻生命意义的道路上对个人主体价值的强调,以及人们以乐观积极的姿态而实现的对当下社会的超越。     

竞争与策略--迈克尔·波特的五种竞争力模型分析

迈克尔.波特是当今世界上竞争战略和竞争力研究的第一权威,被誉为“现代竞争战略之父”。他的“五种竞争力”分析方法对现代企业如何在市场竞争中采用何种竞争战略,以获取最终的竞争优势和竞争胜利提供了重要的指导。     

鲍罗廷与1927年的土地问题之争

农民问题是中国革命的基本问题,而农民问题的中心是土地问题。1927年,国民革命处于危机之中,中国共产党党内在土地革命问题上展开了激烈的争论。在这关键时刻,共产国际代表、当时任国民党顾问的鲍罗廷,在多种主、客观因素的影响下,从支持、实行土地革命转向放弃、反对土地革命,影响了中国革命的进程。