曾国藩对后世深远影响之论析

曾国藩为政上被誉为“成同中兴第一臣”,为文上被称为“桐城古文的中兴大将”。曾氏去世后,清廷以国葬之礼厚待,当朝权贵文士撰文盛赞其不朽功业。清末反满革命浪潮迭起,曾氏受到革命党人斥责在所难免,但文学成就仍受后人称颂,再传弟子林纾光复湘乡文派。曾国藩的丰功伟业在一定程度上激发毛泽东救国救民伟大抱负,蒋介石也以之为效法榜样来治理国家。     

论法兰克福学派的大众文化批判理论

真正的艺术作为最精致的文化造物是人的自由自主的本质的最深刻的体现,以及人类社会进化的重要的内在驱动力。但在现代发达工业社会的背景中,艺术也不可避免地走向了异化。这种异化的艺术集中表现为大众文化。法兰克福学派从大众文化的商品化－创造性的丧失、大众文化的齐一化－个性的虚假、大众文化的欺骗性－超越纬度的消解和大众文化的操纵性等方面剖析大众文化对人的存在的负面影响。要扬弃大众文化的异化,必须扬弃人的本质的异化,恢复艺术和审美的个性和创造本质,即恢复人的自由自觉的生存方式。     

Evaluating the benefit from the help of the parent–teacher association to child performance

The contribution of parental involvement in the parent–teacher association (PTA) to schoolchildren's performance is an issue for evaluation research. To resolve the issue, it is reasonable to differentiate people who benefit and others who do not benefit from the involvement. Such differentiation relied on survey data from 289 pairs of Hong Kong Chinese parents and their children between Grade 4 and Grade 9. It revealed that only 28.8% of the parent–child pairs had their child performance benefiting from the help of parent–teacher associations (in terms of a standardized effect of .2). Factors predictive of this minority subgroup were the child's grade and having a single parent. These factors tend to identify the need for help from parent–teacher associations, which can be a consideration for planning effective help from the associations.     

Alone and adrift: The association between mass school shootings,school size,and student support

Background

School shootings have approached epidemic levels in recent years. While mental illness is undoubtedly involved in nearly all cases of mass school violence, we sought to determine how environmental context may exacerbate preexisting personal factors. The present study investigated the associations between mass school shootings, school enrollment size, student–teacher ratios, and student transitions.

Kind discipline: Developing a conceptual model of a promising school discipline approach

This formative evaluation develops a novel conceptual model for a discipline approach fostering intrinsic motivation and positive relationships in schools. We used concept mapping to elicit and integrate perspectives on kind discipline from teachers, administrators, and other school staff. Three core themes describing kind discipline emerged from 11 identified clusters: (1) proactively developing a positive school climate, (2) responding to conflict with empathy, accountability, and skill, and (3) supporting staff skills in understanding and sharing expectations. We mapped the identified components of kind discipline onto a social ecological model and found that kind discipline encompasses all levels of that model including the individual, relational, environmental/structural, and even community levels. This contrasts with the dominant individual-behavioral discipline approaches that focus on fewer levels and may not lead to sustained student and staff motivation. The findings illustrate the importance of setting and communicating clear expectations and the need for them to be collaboratively developed. Products of the analysis and synthesis reported here are operationalized materials for teachers grounded in a “be kind” culture code for classrooms.     

Theory of mind: are there wider implications from working with d/Deaf people?

An exploratory teaching approach was inspired by the communicative experiences of d/Deaf students in tertiary education. ‘Theory of Mind’ has been used by some to describe the capacity to appreciate that views of others may be different from our own, a concept that could provide a different way for students and educators to understand the barriers identified. An adapted assessment highlighted challenges faced and a communication group provided opportunities for extending personal understandings of social settings. Emerging ideas to inform practice and potential implications for inclusion have relevance for other contexts.     

Correlates of perceived effectiveness of the Safe Schools/Healthy Students Initiative

A three-level growth-curve model was applied to estimate perceived impact growth trajectories, using multi-year data from project and school surveys on outcome and program implementation collected from 59 sites and approximately 1165 participating schools in the Safe Schools and Healthy Students Initiative. Primary interest is to determine whether and how project-level and school-level correlates affect schools’ perceptions of the Initiative's effectiveness over time when the effects of the pre-grant environmental conditions, grant operations, and near-term outcomes are considered. Coordination and service integration, comprehensive programs and activities for early childhood development, and change in school involvement were found to be significant predictors of school-perceived overall impact when the effect of poverty was considered. Partnership functioning, perceived importance of school resources, and school involvement were found to be significant predictors of school-perceived impact on substance use prevention when the effect of poverty was considered.     

Stepping stones: Principal career paths and school outcomes

More than one out of every five principals leaves their school each year. In some cases, these career changes are driven by the choices of district leadership. In other cases, principals initiate the move, often demonstrating preferences to work in schools with higher achieving students from more advantaged socioeconomic backgrounds. Principals often use schools with many poor or low-achieving students as stepping stones to what they view as more desirable assignments. We use longitudinal data from one large urban school district to study the relationship between principal turnover and school outcomes. We find that principal turnover is, on average, detrimental to school performance. Frequent turnover of school leadership results in lower teacher retention and lower student achievement gains. Leadership changes are particularly harmful for high poverty schools, low-achieving schools, and schools with many inexperienced teachers. These schools not only suffer from high rates of principal turnover but are also unable to attract experienced successors. The negative effect of leadership changes can be mitigated when vacancies are filled by individuals with prior experience leading other schools. However, the majority of new principals in high poverty and low-performing schools lack prior leadership experience and leave when more attractive positions become available in other schools.     

笔开象外精神:郑伯熊与永嘉学派

郑伯熊是叶适所构建的永嘉学派传人之一,并自此开始成为历代永嘉之学传承谱系中的关键人物。人们很少去追问这一历史人物是否足以符合学派谱系的构建需求。为了理解叶适之所以要标举郑伯熊这样一个人物,我们需要通过叶适来观察郑伯熊,以此体会叶适构建该人物时的依据与想法。叶适在叙述郑伯熊时所预构的人物类型、后人对郑伯熊的师承与个人行为有意识地进行地方化确认,以及叶适所提炼出的郑伯熊的思想主旨,最终使其成为永嘉学派人物传承谱系中的重要一员。同时,区域性学派构建中所包含着的地方认同和价值偏向也定义出了永嘉学派。