近代基督教会在中国内地置产建堂条约根据质疑

一般认为,传教士在中国内地置产建堂是根据1860年中法《北京条约》。但该条约中文本第六款最后一句是传教士私自加上的,是非法无效的。1865年中法专门就此签订了"柏尔德密协议",但在传教士买地前是否应先报地方官查明准允这一关键问题上发生争议。在1881年和1887年两次济南教案中,美国官方明确表示传教士在内地置产建堂并无法律依据。直到1903年美国传教士才获得在中国内地置产建堂的条约根据。总之,传教士在内地置产建堂主要是通过对条约的曲解和清政府的"容忍"来实现的。     

预约定价制及其在我国的发展展望

预约定价制是近些年兴起的一种以税务当局与企业预先签订协议的形式解决转让定价问题的方法。美国于1991年推出预约定价制，以协调税务当局与纳税人之间的关系。预约定价制可以较好解决各方争议，但也具有手续繁琐、易造成商业机密的流失等不足。预约定价制被许多国家所认同，在我国也具有较快的发展。在我国发展预约定价制，必须逐渐完善相应法规政策，规范制度，提高监督水平。     

论WTO协定体制对国际投资法的发展

WTO协定蕴含着大量的国际投资规范 ,它不仅丰富和发展了国际投资多边法制的内涵 ,使国际投资法的自由化、强制化更加明显 ,推动了国际投资法的调整机制日趋多边化 ,而且对国际投资双边法制和各国国内立法产生了深远的影响。     

Central bank credibility and monetary policy in Indonesia

This paper examines the role of central bank credibility in achieving an inflation target and proposes monetary policy rules for Indonesia. Towards that end, we construct and estimate a forward-looking small scale macroeconomic model (SSMM) of the Indonesian economy by adapting the theoretical underpinnings of the well-known Batini–Haldane model, along with the Taylor policy rule. Our results indicate that it is crucial for the Indonesian central bank to bolster its credibility in order to achieve a lower inflation rate. The inflation–output volatility trade-off frontier we derived from the SSMM shows that a monetary policy rule that targets both inflation and output gaps will result in less macroeconomic volatility. We also found that the inclusion of the exchange rate into the rule as an additional feedback variable warrants consideration in the future course of monetary policy management.     

从巴勒斯坦开罗协议的实施看哈马斯的战略调整

2005年3月17日，巴勒斯坦13个力量派别在开罗达成协议，接受巴自治当局提出的对以色列“熄火”(亦称“平静期”)和停火建议。这标志着哈马斯对巴自治政府和巴解组织传统的立场和态度的重大转变，同时也标志着它对以色列斗争策略的战术变化。哈马斯进入巴勒斯坦决策层肯定会使巴自治政府在巴以谈判中的立场趋于强硬，中东和平进程因此会充满更多的变数。     

WTO《政府采购协定》与中国《政府采购法》之比较

我国《政府采购法》的颁布填补了在政府采购领域高层次立法的空白 ,将对规范政府采购行为实现政府采购目标发挥重要的作用。本文就WTO《政府采购协定》与我国《政府采购法》的异同进行了较为深入的比较 ,对于未来完善我国的政府采购法律制度及更好地履行我国入世的有关承诺具有重要的理论意义和现实意义     

A computational general equilibrium approach to the shadow pricing of trade restrictions and the adjustment of the exchange rate, with an application to Argentina

A general equilibrium model of an open economy in which there are ad valorem texes on domestic production and export activities, and import activities are subject to both tariffs and quotas is constructed. A domestic monetary asset, foreign exchange, and a corresponding nominal exchange rate are introduced and a numerical example of the model is constructed. The example is solved via the Scarf fixed point algorithm, first with taut quotas and then after having relaxed quotas. Various price indices are then used to guide programs designed to stabilize the trade balance against the quota liberalization. An empirical example, using Argentine data, is carried out to find the quota equivalent of a particular tariff.     

Distributional implications of changes in U.S. petroleum taxation

This article develops a methodology based on input-output relations for the evaluation of excise tax incidence. Since many excise taxes are levied on products that are used not only in final consumption but also as intermediate inputs in the production of other commodities, estimation of the tax burden by the conventional methodology of using direct final consumption may yield inadequate and perhaps misleading results. The input-output methodology developed in this article is applied to the case of the U.S. taxation of petroleum products and the empirical results are compared with similar ones obtained by the U.S. Congressional Budget Office.     

Financial-Firm Production of Monetary Services: A Generalized Symmetric Baroett Variable-Profit-Function Approach

An alternative monetary-production model of financial firms is employed to investigate supply-side monetary aggregation. Financial firms are conceived to produce monetary services as outputs through financial intermediation. A new method for testing the existence of consistent monetary-output aggregates in financial firms' production technology is developed in terms of a multiproduct firm's variable profit function, and the method does not require homotheticity of the aggregator function. We use a generalized symmetric Barnett flexible functional form. That specification satisfies global curvature conditions and retains its flexibility under the null hypothesis of weak separability. Neither of those properties is possessed by other flexible functional forms.     

Comment: The Future of Administrative Records in the Economic Programs of the Census Bureau

Using recently developed statistical tools for analyzing cointegrated 1(2) data, this article models money, income, prices, and interest rates in Denmark. The final model describes the dynamic adjustment to short-run changes of the process, to deviations from long-run steady states, and to several political interventions. It provides new insights about the effects of the liberalization of trade and capital in a small open European economy.