词典翻译与“假相等值”

“假相等值”跟“异化”策略不是一回事。中国学生英汉误译的原因虽然各种各样,那些趋同性误译的源头往往可以追溯到汉语母语的暗示性诱导及对词典的不当使用,而这些正是导致“假相等值”的内在原因。     

Who is holding the baby? Women's experiences of contact with their baby immediately after birth: An Australian population-based survey

BackgroundSeeing and holding their baby immediately after the birth is the pinnacle of the childbearing process for parents. Few studies have examined women's experiences of seeing and holding their baby immediately after birth. We investigated women's experiences of initial contact with their newborns using data from an Australian population-based survey.MethodsAll women who gave birth in September/October in 2007 in two Australian states were mailed questionnaires six months following the birth. Women were asked three questions about early newborn contact including where their baby was held in the first hour after birth and whether they were able to hold their baby as soon and for as long as they liked. We examined the association between model of maternity care and early newborn contact stratified by admission to SCN/NICU.ResultsThe majority (92%) of women whose babies remained with them reported holding their babies as soon and for as long as they liked in the first hour after birth. However, for women whose babies were admitted to SCN/NICU only a minority (47%) reported this. Women in public models of care (with the exception of primary midwifery care) whose babies remained with them were less likely to report holding their babies as soon and for as long as they liked compared to women in private care.ConclusionOur findings suggest that there is potential to increase the proportion of mothers and fathers who get to hold their baby immediately after the birth by modifying birth suite and operating room practices.     

Mature unwed mothers in Israel: Socio-moral and psychological dilemmas

Today, more than ever, women can control their own fertility and dissociate it from long-term intimacy. Among the types of nonmarital fertility, one of the least studied and often most controversial is the phenomenon of childbearing out of wedlock among mature women who are threatened by their own biological clock. It is estimated that there are about 3,000 mature unwed mothers in Israel. No psychological study of this population has so far been undertaken. This article attempts to delineate the demographic characteristics, the reasons for pregnancy, and the moral dilemma of 50 unwed mothers who deliberately decide to give birth as single mothers when they are over the age of 30.Ruth Linn is a senior lecturer in Education, School of Education, Haifa University, Israel 31999. Her research interests include conscientious objection, moral judgment of men and women, socio-moral conflicts in the family, and early childhood education. She received her Ed.D. from the School of Education at Boston University.     

浅论《楢山节考》中的母亲像

在日本文学作品中曾经塑造了形形色色的母亲形象,《楢山节考》便是其中之一。该小说是由日本有名的近代文学作家深泽七郎创作的,是一部深刻反映社会现实、备受推崇的短篇小说。笔者通过小说文本解读与分析,旨在探究阿玲的母亲像。首先对小说的环境做了分析,其次通过详解作品,考察了阿玲的人物形象,最后探究了其母亲像,得出了伟大而无私、慈祥而刚强的慈母形象这一结论。     

Mothers’ Parenting Stress and Engagement: Mediating Role of Parental Competence

ABSTRACT

Guided by role-strain theory and the spillover hypothesis, this study used data (n = 2,637) from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to examine the link between mothers’ parenting stress, perceived parental competence, and parental engagement when the child was age 1, 3, and 5, respectively. Analyses were based on a multiple-sample path analysis that tested direct and indirect effects for mothers of biologically intact and nonintact families. Mothers who reported higher levels of parenting stress at child age 1 experienced lower levels of perceived parental competence at child age 3. Higher levels of perceived parental competence at child age 3 predicted increased mother–child engagement levels at child age 5. Test of indirect effects confirmed that perceived parental competence mediated the relationship between parenting stress and parental engagement for mothers of intact and nonintact families. Implications are discussed.     

Manacled to Identity: Cosmopolitanism,Class, and ‘The Culture Concept’ in Stephen Crane

Abstract

This article begins with a close reading of Stephen Crane’s short story ‘Manacled’ from 1900, which situates this rarely considered short work within the context of contemporary debates about realism. I then proceed to argue that many of the debates raised by the tale have an afterlife in our own era of American literary studies, which has frequently focused on questions of ‘identity’ and ‘culture’ in its reading of realism and naturalism to the exclusion of the importance of cosmopolitan discourses of diffusion and exchange across national borders. I then offer a brief reading of Crane’s novel George’s Mother, which follows Walter Benn Michaels in suggesting that the recent critical attention paid to particularities of cultural difference in American studies have come to conflate ideas of class and social position with ideas of culture in ways that have ultimately obscured the presence of genuine historical inequalities in US society. In order to challenge this critical commonplace, I situate Crane’s work within a history of transatlantic cosmopolitanism associated with the ideas of Franz Boas and Matthew Arnold to demonstrate the ways in which Crane’s narratives sought out an experience of the universal within their treatments of the particular.     

“It Makes My Skin Crawl”: Women’s experience of breastfeeding aversion response (BAR)

ProblemSome women who intend to breastfeed experience a breastfeeding aversion response (BAR) while breastfeeding.BackgroundLittle is known about the experience of those who have feelings of aversion while breastfeeding.AimThis study aimed to investigate the experiences of women who have an aversion response to breastfeeding while their infant is latched at the breast. This is the first study that aims to understand this breastfeeding aversion response (BAR) as described by women who experience this phenomenon.MethodsInterpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was used to conduct and analyse ten semi-structured in-depth interviews with women who self-identified as experiencing BAR.FindingsFour overarching themes were identified: (1) Involuntary, strong sensations of aversion in response to the act of breastfeeding, (2) Internal conflict and effects on maternal identity, (3) The connection between BAR and relationships with others, and (4) Reflections on coping with BAR and building resilience.DiscussionSome women who intend to breastfeed can experience BAR, and this negative sensation conflicts with their desire to breastfeed. BAR can impact on maternal wellbeing. Those who experience BAR may benefit from person-centred support that directly addresses the challenges associated with BAR to achieve their personal breastfeeding goals.ConclusionThe experience of BAR is unexpected and difficult for mothers. If support is not available, BAR can have detrimental effects on maternal identity, mother–child bonds, and intimate family relationships.     

浅析高尔基《母亲》中的“母亲“形象

高尔基的《母亲》是对俄罗斯传统文学的继承和发展,作者所塑造的母亲形象是无产阶级革命者形象的代表。母亲在革命真理的熏陶下,由一名胆小懦弱、逆来顺受的社会底层妇女成长为一名勇敢坚定、不畏牺牲的无产阶级革命战士。母亲的成长历程证明了马克思主义在教育人、改造人方面的巨大作用。另外,作者也着力描写了一种崭新的人际关系——人与人之间平等的交往和影响。     

近百年龙母传说研究综述

20世纪以来,学术界关于龙母文化的研究成果颇为丰厚。站在新世纪的起跑线上,回顾梳理这些成果,作者认为对龙母文化的研究经历了一个由冷到热、由文本研究到田野调查的发展历程。通过对既成的研究成果质和量的分析,考虑到研究内容、研究方法等因素,特将龙母文化研究划分为探索期、发展期和争鸣期等三个时间段,并分析了研究中存在的问题,希望有助于龙母文化研究的进一步开拓与深化。     

浅析英语习得过程中的错误

外语习得的过程是学生从母语向目的语过渡的过程 ,本文从心理语言学角度分析了英语学习过程中出现的错误 ,并阐述其形成原因