Inference based on progressive Type I interval censored data from log-normal distribution

This article considers inference for the log-normal distribution based on progressive Type I interval censored data by both frequentist and Bayesian methods. First, the maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs) of the unknown model parameters are computed by expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. The asymptotic standard errors (ASEs) of the MLEs are obtained by applying the missing information principle. Next, the Bayes’ estimates of the model parameters are obtained by Gibbs sampling method under both symmetric and asymmetric loss functions. The Gibbs sampling scheme is facilitated by adopting a similar data augmentation scheme as in EM algorithm. The performance of the MLEs and various Bayesian point estimates is judged via a simulation study. A real dataset is analyzed for the purpose of illustration.     

Optimal impulse control for dividend and capital injection with proportional reinsurance and exponential premium principle

This article supposes that a large insurance company can control its surplus process by reinsurance, paying dividends, or injecting capitals. The exponential premium principle and proportional reinsurance are adopted in business activities. We investigate the general situation that the company needs to pay both proportional and fixed costs for dividends and capital injections. The object of the company is to determine an optimal joint reinsurance–dividend–capital injection strategy for maximizing the expected present value of dividends less capital injections until the time of bankruptcy. In both cases of non cheap and cheap reinsurance, we obtain the explicit solutions for value function and optimal strategy.     

Construction of some mixed two- and four-level regular designs with GMC criterion

General minimum lower-order confounding (GMC) criterion is to choose optimal designs, which are based on the aliased effect-number pattern (AENP). The AENP and GMC criterion have been developed to form GMC theory. Zhang et al. (2015 Zhang, T.F., Yang, J.F., Li, Z.M., Zhang, R.C. (2015). Construction of regular 2ⁿ4¹ designs with general minimum lower-order confounding. Commun. Stat. - Theory Methods 46:2724–2735.[Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) introduced GMC 2ⁿ4^m criterion for choosing optimal designs and constructed all GMC 2ⁿ4¹ designs with N/4 + 1 ? n + 2 ? 5N/16. In this article, we analyze the properties of 2ⁿ4¹ designs and construct GMC 2ⁿ4¹ designs with 5N/16 + 1 ? n + 2 < N ? 1, where n and N are, respectively, the numbers of two-level factors and runs. Further, GMC 2ⁿ4¹ designs with 16-run, 32-run are tabulated.     

Multi‐Case Review of the Application of the Precautionary Principle in European Union Law and Case Law

The precautionary principle was formulated to provide a basis for political action to protect the environment from potentially severe or irreversible harm in circumstances of scientific uncertainty that prevent a full risk or cost‐benefit analysis. It underpins environmental law in the European Union and has been extended to include public health and consumer safety. The aim of this study was to examine how the precautionary principle has been interpreted and subsequently applied in practice, whether these applications were consistent, and whether they followed the guidance from the Commission. A review of the literature was used to develop a framework for analysis, based on three attributes: severity of potential harm, standard of evidence (or degree of uncertainty), and nature of the regulatory action. This was used to examine 15 pieces of legislation or judicial decisions. The decision whether or not to apply the precautionary principle appears to be poorly defined, with ambiguities inherent in determining what level of uncertainty and significance of hazard justifies invoking it. The cases reviewed suggest that the Commission's guidance was not followed consistently in forming legislation, although judicial decisions tended to be more consistent and to follow the guidance by requiring plausible evidence of potential hazard in order to invoke precaution.     

透析西方文化对语言的影响倡导文化原则

在跨文化交际中常常会产生文化冲突,这大多是由于文化差异所造成的.通过语言和文化的互相影响又互相促进的关系,在学习第二语言时,必须同步学习第二文化.为了避免忽视文化对语言的影响,特别推出三个方面的文化原则(1)对目标文化中的认知和了解;(2)吸收目标文化中的有益成分;(3)注意对比、对照本土文化和目标文化.     

谈话节目主持人话语构建原则探析

谈话节目在主持人与嘉宾及观众通过言语互动构建的平台中进行。主持人处于核心地位,节目的顺利进行及有效传播在很大程度上取决于主持人的话语运用。谈话节目主持人与参与者一起构建话语平台时需遵循话语的得体性原则及互动过程中的合作原则,如话语角色的把握、话境的感知以及质准则、量准则、方式准则和相关准则等。     

知识型员工的特点及其激励原则

如何有效地激励知识型员工是知识经济条件下的突出问题,文章把激励的一般特点放到知识型员工这个特定对象中进行研究,在分析知识型员工的职业特点和心理特点的基础上,结合激励的基本特点,提出了激励知识型员工的基本原则,即分层分类原则、长短结合原则、动静结合原则、公平原则和经济性原则,以此构成激励知识型员工的基本指导思想。     

Translation Studies的名与实--再议"Translation Studies"一词的汉译

“Translation Stud ies”一词的汉译,我国学界有不同的主张。其实,该词具有“翻译学”和“翻译研究”的双重译名,我们应以“名实相符”为原则,根据其不同所指赋予其不同的汉译名予以区分。同时,依据这一原则对我国引进的部分国外学术专著的书名的汉译应进行修改。     

偏离合作原则的辞格表现及语用功能

在言语交际的信息传递过程中,合作原则对于言语交际的成败起着至关重要的作用。然而,在实际语言运用中,人们常可见到违反合作原则的言语现象,许多以汉语修辞格的方式体现出来。违反量的准则的闪避、同语、歧疑、精细、设彀,通过提供不足或多余的信息量,取得事半功倍的效果,不乏幽默意味;违反质的准则的反语、夸张、比拟或正话反说或言过其实,讽刺效果不言而喻;违反相关准则的移就、拈连、比喻使得言语表达异常生动形象;违反明了准则的反复、折绕则故意让语句罗嗦重复以达到强调、突出的目的。它们或声东击西,或含蓄蕴籍,虽违反合作原则,却很好地完成了交际任务,成为艺术化的正偏离。之所以能成为艺术化的正偏离,是对礼貌原则的遵守从而弥补了对合作原则的违反。     

在落实科学发展观方面走在前列

北仑作为省市对外开放的龙头区域,在贯彻落实“三个走在前列”的要求上,首先要在发展上走在前列,在落实科学发展观方面走在前列,切实增强“走在前列”的紧迫感和责任感,提出了北仑在落实科学发展观方面走在前列的具体对策和思路。