电网与天然气网络协同下配电网线路加固决策研究

燃气分布式发电机的配置与运行,对提高配电网应对自然灾害的能力具有重要作用,但同时也增加了配电网与天然气网络的相互依赖性,因此,考虑电网与天然气网络的协同运行显得尤为重要。本文对配置有燃气分布式发电机的配电网线路加固决策问题进行研究,考虑了线路受损的不确定性和电网与天然气网络协同运行,建立了具有三层结构的二阶段鲁棒优化模型。针对于天然气网络运行的非凸约束,采用二阶锥松弛将其松弛为二阶锥约束,并利用C&CG分解算法对模型进行求解。33节点-6节点的IEEE算例研究结果,表明了保证协同运行的关键配电线路具有加固的优先性,同时验证了考虑电网与天然气网络协同运行的合理性。     

21世纪中国石油发展中的新疆油气开发战略

中国石油天然气发展形成了自己的特色,把新疆建设成为中国可持续发展的战略接替区、石油化工重要基地,是新疆资源、地缘优势所决定的。要开辟21世纪石油天然气发展的新局面,新疆应当在观念、战略、策略、政策、措施等方面进一步加强完善。     

从美英天然气市场的发展看我国天然气市场的开发

美英两国天然气市场的发展大致经过四个阶段。为促进天然气市场的健康发展,在每一个阶段美英两国政府都采取了相应的政策措施,极大地促进了天然气市场的开发。我国天然气市场正处于迅速发展阶段,两国天然气市场的发展对我们具有重要的启示:健全和完善与天然气有关的法律法规、建立独立管理机构,充分发挥政府的监管作用、加强天然气的基础设施建设、逐步放开天然气价格管制、鼓励开拓天然气利用新途径等。     

对固体金属比热容的讨论

本文讨论了在温度很低的情况下，固体金属里的电子气对比热容的贡献，给出了低温下固体比热容的一般数学表示式．     

脂肪醇气相色谱保留值RI的QSRR研究

根据分子拓扑理论 ,新建了两个结构信息拓扑指数1χy 和 χd:1χy=∑ (δyi·δyj) - 0 .5,χd=|D| / (2× (nC- 2 ) ) .将这两个新建的结构信息拓扑指数用于脂肪醇定量结构—气相色谱保留值RI的相关性 (QSRR)研究 ,发现1χy 和 χd 与脂肪醇在 6个不同固定相上的色谱保留值RI有较好的线性关系 ,相关系数R均在 0 .99以上 .用新QSRR模型预测了不在训练集的一些脂肪醇、酸在SE - 30相上的色谱保留值RI ,预测值与实验值非常吻合 .研究结果表明 ,1χy 和 χd 能较好地反映化合物的结构特征 ,新QSRR模型物理意义明确 ,计算值与实验值接近的程度优于其他模型     

Emergy-based Simulation to Assess Brazil’s Long-term Carrying Capacity: Environment, Electricity and Population

A macroscopic mini-model of Brazil’s electrical generating capacity (BRAZELECTRIX, Brazilian Electricity Matrix) was developed using the Energy Systems Language and simulated with iconographic Extend® software to explore long-term (200 years) population carrying capacity. South American reserves of natural gas (NG) and Brazilian stream hydro-power potential were assumed as the main inputs to electric power production. Energy values (e.g., kWh, joules) for fuels, electricity and environment were transformed to solar emergy (i.e., solar equivalent joules) to simplify cross comparison with a single metric. BRAZELECTRIX was calibrated using a holistic method that used mean component life-times and conservation of material and energy for each individual unit. Validation of BRAZELECTRIX, based on historical data, gave a root mean square error of 8% for hydroelectricity and 28% for natural gas use. Investments in natural gas infrastructure (e.g., contracts, pipelines, processing plants and electric power plants) accelerated Brazil’s expansion of electrical generating capacity for a finite period, allowing the country to reach its renewable (hydro-power only) carrying capacity 100 years sooner than without (2040 vs. 2140). Brazil has a total of 560 zetta-solar equivalent joules per annum (1 Zseja = 1 ×10²¹ sej per year) of stream hydro-power potential; 170 Zseja is currently used for electricity generation. According to BRAZELECTRIX, eventually 390 Zseja will be tapped for hydroelectricity. The standard of living, as measured by annual per capita electrical solar emergy, had risen 680% from 166 tera-solar equivalent joules (Tseja) to 1130 Tseja during the 35 year period following 1965 and was predicted to increase another 75% to its maximum (1973 Tseja) in 2050. By comparison, an urbanizing state of the United States (North Carolina) had an annual per capita electrical solar emergy of 7815 Tseja in 1992, indicating that Brazil could reach a living standard, as measured by per capita electricity usage, equal to one-forth the level of United States. Macroscopic mini-models combined with emergy accounting evaluated long-term paths for Brazil’s electricity supply and related it to natural environment trade-offs to demonstrate how sustainable carrying capacity of a developing nation can be forecast.     

塔北于奇地区哈拉哈塘组储层特征与成藏规律

利用岩芯观测、铸体薄片、阴极发光、扫描电镜、物性分析、压汞等方法,总结了于奇地区哈拉哈塘组储层特征及影响因素;应用荧光薄片与流体包裹体分析等技术和方法,综合研究了油气注入史与成藏规律。结果表明,区内哈拉哈塘组储层主要岩石类型为细砂岩、中砂岩、砾质不等粒砂岩和砾质砂岩,储层类型以孔隙型为主,为大容积、渗透性能好的储层,影响储层物性的主要因素为沉积作用与成岩作用中的压实、胶结和溶解作用,有利的储层分布区位于区内中部YQ3—YQ4—LX4—LX2井区一带。提出断裂是油气成藏的重要输导条件,燕山期油气藏逐步建立、喜马拉雅期圈闭定型与油气藏重建是重要的成藏机制,构造圈闭和断裂是油气成藏的关键控制因素。     

20世纪90年代吐哈盆地石油勘探发结果与预期目标不的原因探析简

对吐哈盆地在“八五计划”和“九五计划”期间的计划目标与实际石油勘探开发结果差异较大这一现象进行分析。指出,对盆地地质条件认识不足以及相应技术发展的完善程度不够是造成差异的两个主要原因;另外,针对吐哈盆地的具体情况,还应从油气生成原因的角度来思考这一问题。     

低渗透气藏应力敏感性及其变形机制研究

低渗透气藏岩性致密、渗流阻力大、压力传导能力差,地层压力的下降会对渗透率造成伤害而影响气井产能。目前,一般通过室内物理模拟实验评价储层应力敏感性。以吉林油田龙深气藏为研究对象,从储层岩石硬度、裂缝分布、粘土矿物含量以及含水饱和度等方面进行了实验研究,结果表明该气藏具有较强的应力敏感性,储层岩石存在较强的泥化现象,粘土矿物含量高是产生应力敏感的主要原因,形成了储层岩石变形的规律性认识。为了降低应力敏感带来的危害,应用了降低粘土矿物膨胀程度的压裂液进行体积压裂,优化了合理的生产压差,新井试气结果理想。研究结果为该类气藏的合理开发提供了有力的技术支撑。     

Environmental improvement initiatives in the coal mining industry: maximisation of the triple bottom line

Abstract

Mining is an economically important industry, which faces several environmental and social challenges. Other than operational improvement activities, mining companies are increasingly paying attention to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) and maximise social welfare to satisfy multiple stakeholders and the rise of corporate social responsible initiatives. Based on a case study analysis of coal mining companies we develop a triple bottom line (TBL) initiatives framework that provides a starting point for mining companies to develop a strategic approach to environmental improvement initiatives that can positively impact all elements of the TBL. We highlight four types of process and offset-based initiatives that are available to mining companies to reduce their GHGs, each having differential effects on elements of the TBL. Our findings suggest the importance of company-wide strategies of looking at initiatives through all rather than individual elements of the TBL. Such a strategy would provide an appropriate estimate of the costs and benefits of the initiatives and results in a balanced approach that takes care of operational improvement, reduces GHGs and improves the social welfare of people engaged in mining operations and wider society.