Women’s Movements in Portugal and Spain: Democratic Processes and Policy Outcomes

Portugal and Spain underwent dramatic transformations between 1974 and the early 1980s, transitioning from dictatorships to democracies. In this article I explore why Portugal was faster than Spain in adopting key gender-rights policies (e.g., divorce, equal pay, state feminism) during the period in question. Bridging insights from the democratization, social movement, and women’s studies literatures, I argue that Portugal’s accelerated policy path on women’s rights can be explained by three complex factors: (1) the nature of the revolutionary transition, which structured options for women’s movements and for institutional actors; (2) the configuration of movement-party alliances; and (3) supranational pressures to reorganize the state-civil society relationship. The study contributes to the engendering of democratization processes in Iberia by paying close attention to the interconnected agency of women’s movements with other political actors at a time of regime transformation.     

Process evaluation of an environmental walking and healthy eating pilot in small rural worksites

Small Steps are Easier Together (SS) was a pilot environmental intervention in small rural worksites in Upstate New York in collaboration with Extension educators. Worksite leaders teamed with co-workers to select and implement environmental changes to increase walking steps over individual baseline and to choose healthy eating options over 10 weeks. Participants were 226 primarily white, women employees in 5 sites. A mixed methods process evaluation, conducted to identify determinants of intervention effectiveness and to explain differences in outcomes across worksites, included surveys, self-reports of walking and eating, interviews, focus groups, and an intervention log. The evaluation assessed reach, characteristics of recruited participants, dose delivered, dose received, and context and compared sites on walking and eating outcomes. Emergent elements of participant-reported dose received included: active leadership, visible environmental changes, critical mass of participants, public display of accomplishments, accountability to co-workers, and group decision making. Participants at sites with high reach and dose were significantly more likely than sites with low reach and dose to achieve intervention goals. Although this small pilot needs replication, these findings describe how these evaluation methods can be applied and analyzed in an environmental intervention and provide information on trends in the data.     

发挥兵团文化优势，建设军垦新型生育文化

新疆生产建设兵团在五十多年的时间里,形成了具有明显兵团特色的新型军垦生育文化。本文拟从移民文化、党政军企合一的军垦文化、兵团特色的妇女文化等视角来揭示兵团新型军垦生育文化的成因．为构建社会主义新型生育文化提供一个可资借鉴的经验。     

新时期女性作家对女性身体美学的重构策略及意义

在男权社会中,女性身体美学也是由男性的历史之手制造并且是符合其男权中心主义需要的,这种男性的美学表现出对病弱女体的偏爱。新时期女性作家重构了女性身体的美学范式。这一美学重构是通过女性身体的健美与男性身体的丑弱对比．以新的眼光设置女性身体描写的空间来实现的。当代女性作家通过对女性身体形象的重塑,传达出女性建构新的自我的努力。     

《恋爱中的女人》与《麦克白》互文性解读

在《恋爱中的女人》中劳伦斯采用了后现代互文性的文本策略,对莎士比亚的经典悲剧《麦克白》从人物到细节、从主题到社会意义进行了全面的模仿。在追求和谐男女关系的掩饰下,劳伦斯塑造了一个地地道道的现代版的麦克白。然而,互文性在文本中的运用促使了文本的多元化、异质的解读。《恋爱中的女人》与《麦克白》的互文性解读为我们重新解读该作品提供了新的角度和阐释的可能性。     

《故事新编》的诞生

鲁迅最后一本小说集《故事新编》的创作历经13年,分为三个阶段,其间呈现出复杂的情感变化曲线和曲折的写作心路历程,最终形成和发展了其独特的怪诞现实主义风格,表达了鲁迅对历史与现实、社会与人生、存在与叙述荒诞性的终极感悟。     

屈原的名、字与《渔父》《卜居》的作者、作时、作地问题

明代以来时有学者疑<卜居><渔父>非屈原所作,以为篇首作"屈原既放",不合古人自称不称字之习俗,其中叙事也有同当时历史不合之处.其实<史记>中"屈原者名平","名"乃"字"之误;屈原名原字平,南北朝以前人以至唐代一些人尚如此认识.此两篇也非顷襄王朝放于江南所作,而是怀王时被放汉北时所作.如此,则一些疑窦均可消除.至于有的学者以为此两篇中表现了道家思想,乃未能弄清文意所致,不可信.     

残疾女性的生存境遇及其相关对策思考——以河南省为例

残疾女性是社会生活中亟需关注的弱势群体。残疾和女性的二重身份使得她们在社会生活中面临诸多困境。为此，需要我们积极进行对策思考，以便能帮助残疾女性尽快走出生存困境，求得更好的发展。     

生命周期理论与中国农村妇女的生命文化周期探构

20世纪后半叶,生命周期理论被广泛推广到经济社会的各个行业领域和各种职业人生的规划。中国是一个人口和土地面积大国,行政、地理、历史、文化区域交错,各个区域妇女的生存发展状况总体有共同性,但不同区域有所不同。农村妇女的生命周期与家庭紧密联系,以家庭生命周期理论作为主要参考,可以发现20世纪40年代出生的目前是60～70岁农村妇女和20世纪60年代出生的目前是45～55岁农村妇女的生命周期各为八个阶段。分析其特点,带有明显的时代特征。     

Women in Congregations and Social Service Provisions

Abstract

The role of women in American congregations is a topic that has gained attention in the past twenty years. The majority of work has focused on leadership and clergy roles and the willingness, or reluctance of, denominations to ordain women. In this article, we report on women as members, lay-leaders, and clergy in Philadelphia congregations, and we assess the factors that explain the rate of women in any of these roles. We find that regardless of the advancement in many areas of society, women are still the majority members yet are a minority among the clergy. Finally, we study how the gender composition of members, lay-leaders, and clergy explain the congregation's involvement in social service provisions. In this respect, gender composition of members, lay-leaders, and clergy made little impact on the congregational social service involvement. A variety of explanations are provided to account for women's little impact in this domain.