Optimal Policy for a Reseller When the Supplier Offers a Temporary Reduction in Price*

A common practice in product distribution is the case in which the supplier offers a temporary reduction in price. It is suggested in the literature that in such situations, the reseller may engage in forward buying (i.e., purchasing additional stock at the reduced price offered by the supplier for later sale at the regular selling price). In this paper, a model is formulated of the reseller's response when the supplier offers a temporary reduction in price. It is assumed that the market demand for the product is elastic with respect to the selling price the reseller sets. A procedure for determining the optimal response of the reseller is developed. The model presented in this paper can easily be adapted to the case in which the reseller faces a permanent increase in the price charged by the supplier.     

现实囚笼中的精神自由--从《纯真年代》的人物塑造看伊迪丝·华顿的女性意识

女性意识在<纯真年代>中的三个主要人物形塑过程中起着重要作用,将伊迪丝·华顿在当时社会条件下的女性梦想最大程度地张显出来.而华顿的启示是男权社会有一定的规则,女性如果超越这一规则,就有可能在精神领域实现一部分的梦想.     

What's in a name? Language ideology and social differentiation in a Swedish print‐mediated debate1

This paper investigates a recent print‐mediated discussion about linguistic phenomena that are perceived by many commentators to be ‘deviant’ from ‘standard Swedish.’ The aim of the paper is to illustrate how this language debate is built on two closely entwined discursive processes: a struggle to define the name, meaning, and value of a specific linguistic phenomenon; and the indexical processes through which such a phenomenon is bound up with a multifaceted image of its purported speakers, in which gender is imbricated in age and ethnicity. Essentially, the argument is that the metalinguistic pronouncements in this debate are ultimately the outer manifestation of deeper social concerns about what it means to be a ‘non‐Swedish’ young man.     

分数年龄假设的新方法：Kriging模型

在生存函数的计算中,生命表只提供了其在整数年龄上的值。当计算非整数年龄上的生存函数时就需要进行分数年龄假设。经典的分数年龄假设在数学上容易处理,但却容易导致死力函数不连续,更重要的是无法保证其在分数年龄上估计的精确性。分数年龄假设本质上是一种插值技术。本研究尝试将一种插值性能优越的Kriging模型引入到分数年龄假设中,对整数年龄上的生存函数进行插值,并基于良好拟合的生存函数进一步构建死力函数及平均余命函数。基于Kriging模型的分数年龄假设的有效性通过了Makeham法则下的生存函数的验证,其结果表明,Kriging模型的插值性能远胜过经典的分数年龄假设模型。     

第一代独生子女婚后居住模式——基于江苏省的经验研究

二十世纪七、八十年代出生的第一代独生子女正处在婚育阶段,与此同时,他们的父母也在逐渐步人老年。文章利用2007年江苏生育调查数据,从代际关系角度考察了第一代独生子女的婚后居住模式及影响因素,结果表明：子代需要亲代帮助照料年幼孙代的需求、亲代需要子代提供照料的需求显著提高了独生子女婚后与父母同住的可能性,代际交换关系显著影响了居住模式;与非独生子女家庭相比,独生子女家庭更可能与夫妻一方或双方父母同住;城市独生子女比农村独生子女更可能婚后与父母同住：独生子女的性别属性对居住模式有显著影响,独生子与自己父母同住的比例明显大于独生女同她们的父母同住的比例。     

Some robustness issues for comparing multiple logistic regression slopes to a control for small samples

For comparing several logistic regression slopes to that of a control for small sample sizes, Dasgupta et al. (2001) proposed an "asymptotic" small-sample test and a "pivoted" version of that test statistic. Their results show both methods perform well in terms of Type I error control and marginal power when the response is related to the explanatory variable via a logistic regression model. This study finds, via Monte Carlo simulations, that when the underlying relationship is probit, complementary log-log, linear, or even non-monotonic, the "asymptotic" and the "pivoted" small-sample methods perform fairly well in terms of Type I error control and marginal power. Unlike their large sample competitors, they are generally robust to departures from the logistic regression model.     

Coverage probabilities of nonparametric simultaneous confidence bands for a survival function

Simultaneous confidence bands provide a useful adjunct to the popular Kaplan–Meier product limit estimator for a survival function, particularly when results are displayed graphically. They allow an assessment of the magnitude of sampling errors and provide a graphical view of a formal goodness-of-fit test. In this paper we evaluate a modified version of Nair's (1981) simultaneous confidence bands. The modification is based on a logistic transformation of the Kaplan–Meier estimator. We show that the modified bands have some important practical advantages.     

Does age affect the efficacy and safety of GreenLight HPS™ laser photoselective vaporization prostatectomy?

Background: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of GreenLight HPS^? (High Performance System) laser photoselective vaporization prostatectomy (PVP) for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in patients of different age groups. Methods: 164 consecutive patients were stratified into two groups: age <70 (group I, n?=?93) and age ≥70 (group II, n?=?71) years. Transurethral PVP was performed using a GreenLight HPS? side-firing laser system. Voiding parameters were measured preoperatively and at 1 and 4 weeks and 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 36 months postoperatively. Results: Among the preoperative parameters evaluated, there were significant differences (p?<?0.05) in prostate volume (I: 58.7; II: 73.6?mL) and serum prostate-specific antigen (I: 1.9; II: 2.9?ng/mL), while American Urological Association Symptom Score (AUASS), Quality of Life (QoL), maximum flow rate (Qmax), Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM) and post void residual (PVR) were similar (p?>?0.05) between groups. No significant differences in laser utilization, energy usage and operating time were noted. Clinical outcomes (AUASS, QoL, Qmax, PVR) showed immediate and stable improvement from baseline (p?<?0.05) within each group, but no significant differences between the two groups were observed during the follow-up period. The incidence of adverse events was low and similar in both groups. Conclusions: The results suggest that age has little effect on the efficacy and safety of GreenLight HPS? laser PVP.     

从《简·爱》看维多利亚时代对理性的崇尚

维多利亚时代推崇理性、克制和秩序。作品描述了女主人公简·爱的成长经历,从激情澎湃的小姑娘成长为理性克制的女性。文本洋溢着对理性、秩序、原则的颂扬,作者的寓意是深刻的：在这个强调理性的时代,女性成长受到维多利亚时代道德的规范,而放纵、疯狂的行为注定是自取灭亡。     

正名的困境及其超越:论《黄金时代》

王小波的《黄金时代》揭示了一个特殊时代的"人"的困境,但困境背后深隐着文化、政治、道德、性别关系等诸多问题,问题聚焦于陈清扬和王二这对男女的"性事",对此的命名、评判和惩罚使"性"成为诸般观念和力量博弈的战场。作者以"黑色幽默"的叙事风格描述了处于劣势的当事人如何以理性清明的坚定信念和狂欢化的游戏策略,逆转了无端受虐的人生颓势,从而最大限度地实现了个人的自我救赎,因之,《黄金时代》在"文学是人学"的层面展现了王小波的雄心和抱负,也在此高度呈现了这部经典的价值。