民事诉讼证明责任分配规则实证分析

由于我国当事人取证能力的薄弱,法官倾向于将客观证明责任转化为主观证明责任来加以使用,笔者得出客观证明责任的重要性更多地体现在对当事人在诉讼过程中取证方向的指引。而由于我国证明责任分配规则在法律中规定的极为不明确,导致二审改判率的上升,因此笔者主张在实体法的制定过程中,要注意将证明责任的分配规则规定得更为明确,给法官以明确的指引。     

A comparison of estimators for the mean in the inverse gaussian distribution with a known coefficient of variation

In this paper, we discuss an estimation problem of the mean in the inverse Gaussian distribution with a known coefficient of variation. Two types of linear estimators for the mean, the linear minimum variance unbiased estimator and the linear minimum mean squared error estimator, are constructed by using the squared error loss function and their properties are examined. It is observed that, for small samples the performance of the proposed estimators is better than that of the maximum likelihood estimator, when the coefficient of variation is large.     

Comparison of renewal function estimators for censored data

The computation of the renewal function when the distribution function is completely known has received much attention in the literature. However, in many cases the form of the distribution function is unknown and has to be estimated nonparametrically. A nonparametric estimator for the renewal function for complete data was suggested by Frees (1986). In many cases, however, censoring of the lifetime might occur. We shall present parametric and nonparametric estimators of the renewal function based on censored data. In a simulation study we compare the nonparametric estimators with parametric estimators for the Weibull and lognormal distribution. The study suggests that the nonparametric estimator is a viable alternative to the parametric estimators when the lifetime distribution is unknown. Also, the nonparametric estimator is computationally simpler than the parametric estimator.     

Least-squares estimation of distribution functions in johnson's translation system

To summarize a set of data by a distribution function in Johnson's translation system, we use a least-squares approach to parameter estimation wherein we seek to minimize the distance between the vector of "uniformized" oeder statistics and the corresponding vector of expected values. We use the software package FITTRI to apply this technique to three problems arising respectively in medicine, applied statistics, and civil engineering. Compared to traditional methods of distribution fitting based on moment matching, percentile matchingL ₁ estimation, and L _? estimation, the least-squares technique is seen to yield fits of similar accuracy and to converge more rapidly and reliably to a set of acceptable parametre estimates.     

概率抽样条件下样本代表性事后评估方法探讨

 样本代表性直接牵扯到统计数据质量和统计公布引起的民众反响,目前社会上不乏对政府统计数据的质疑之声,最终影响到政府统计机关的公信力,因此有必要重新审视现行样本代表性的研究。目前相关文献普遍强调不同抽样方式下的样本代表性的相对性内涵,确保样本的代表性仅从抽样方法和样本量两个维度入手,缺乏对既定抽样方法下样本代表性的事后评估体系的探索,以及多样本之间样本代表性优劣的比较方法研究。鉴于此,本文在结合人口普查数据基础上尝试从样本-总体整体分布和内部属性结构两个方面构建样本代表性事后评估的一整套指标和假设检验,进而找到一种多样本代表性比较的依据。最后对浦东新区2010年城镇居民收入调查样本进行了代表性检验的尝试。     

The complex Watson distribution and shape analysis

The complex Watson distribution is an important simple distribution on the complex sphere which is used in statistical shape analysis. We describe the density, obtain the integrating constant and provide large sample approximations. Maximum likelihood estimation and hypothesis testing procedures for one and two samples are described. The particular connection with shape analysis is discussed and we consider an application examining shape differences between normal and schizophrenic brains. We make some observations about Bayesian shape inference and finally we describe a more general rotationally symmetric family of distributions.     

“新时期文学”与“后新时期文学”分期之我见

“新时期文学”是尚有明确社会改造目标引导的文学,而在“后新时期文学”中,这种理想的目标已经淡出并趋向干无。这是决定两个分期文学现象呈现质的不同的决定性因素。两个分期的文学阶段的所有相异之处,都来源于此。     

新疆塔什库尔干县下坂地AⅡ号墓地新识

本文通过分析新疆塔什库尔干县下坂地AII号墓地的文化因素,对墓地的文化属性进行了辨正,认为其与塔扎巴格雅布文化共同性较少,总体上接近谢米列契地区青铜时代末期库勒萨依类型。墓地文化属性的确认,对于理解中亚地区史前文化格局具有非常重要的意义。     

中世纪西欧医院的形成及其特点

作为中世纪西欧社会最普遍的慈善机构,医院（Hospitals）是依据基督教的“博爱”理念建立起来的;它能够适应西欧社会对灵魂救赎的信仰需求,进而逐渐发展起来。在漫长的中世纪,医院形成了浓厚的宗教色彩、鲜明的慈善职能、地域分布的不均衡性,以及理想与现实的割裂性等特点。在组织机构和意识形态等方面,中世纪西欧医院为近现代医院的专业化奠定了稳固的基础。     

Optimal Purchase and Transportation Cost Lot Sizing for a Single Item

A review of the literature indicates that the traditional approach for evaluating quantity discount offerings for purchased items has not adequately considered the effect that transportation costs may have on the optimal order quantity; despite the general fact that purchased materials must bear transportation charges. The transportation cost structure for less-than-truckload (LTL) shipments reflects sizable reductions in freight rates when the shipment size exceeds one of the nominal rate breakpoints. However, the shipper must also be aware of the opportunity to reduce total freight costs by artificially inflating the actual shipping weight to the next rate breakpoint, in order that a lower marginal tariff is achieved for the entire shipment. Such over-declared shipments result in an effective freight rate schedule that is characterized by constant fixed charge segments in addition to the nominal marginal rates. Over-declared shipments are economical when the shipment volume is less than the rate breakpoint, but greater than a cost indifference point between the two adjacent marginal rates. This paper presents a simple analytical procedure for finding the order quantity that minimizes total purchase costs which reflect both transportation economies and quantity discounts. After first solving for the series of indifference points that apply to a particular freight rate schedule, a total purchase cost expression is presented that properly accounts for the actual transportation cost structure. The optimal purchase order quantity will be one of the four following possibilities: (1) the valid economic order quantity (EOQ), QC; (2) a purchase price breakpoint in excess of QC; (3) a transportation rate breakpoint in excess of QC; and (4) a modified EOQ which provides an over-declared shipment in excess of QC. Finally, an algorithm which systematically explores these four possibilities is presented and illustrated with a numerical example.