A UNIFIED APPROACH TO THE PRICE-BREAK ECONOMIC ORDER QUANTITY (EOQ) PROBLEM*

In many developing countries where supply is limited, a premium rather than a discounted price is paid for buying in larger amounts. In order for management science/operations research solutions to be relevant to developing economies, such realities need to be explicitly recognized and any decisions evaluated from that perspective. To illustrate this point, a typical inventory-purchasing problem is solved. In the process, formulae are developed that introduce simultaneous price and quantity sensitivity into the inventory equation. A systematic procedure is suggested to locate the optimal order quantity for a given schedule of discounts or premiums.     

Option pricing under the Merton model of the short rate in subdiffusive Brownian motion regime

In this paper, we propose an extension of the Merton short rate model, which reflects the subdiffusive nature of the short rate dynamics. The subdiffusive property is manifested by the random periods of time, during which the asset price does not change. We derive explicit formulas for European call and put options and present some simulation results for the case of α stable. Moreover, we discuss the implied volatility of this model.     

A Contingent Claims Model of Corporate Pension Obligations*

This study develops a contingent claims model for valuing the implicit market value of the pension claim associated with defined benefit pension plans. In this model, the firm issues pension, debt, and equity claims. These claims have joint access to two underlying portfolios: corporate and pension. The changes in the market values of these two portfolios are assumed to follow a joint lognormal diffusion process. By imposing terminal boundary conditions implied by Employment Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) rules and the pension insurance provisions of the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) on the partial differential equation, a solution for the pension value is obtained. This quasi-market measure of the value of the pension claim may be represented by a portfolio consisting of four components: (1) a risk-free discount bond with face value equal to promised pension benefits; (2) a short put on pension assets with exercise price equal to pension benefits; (3) a long call on 30 percent of corporate assets with exercise price equal to the face value of secured corporate debt; and (4) a short call on 30 percent of corporate assets with a stochastic exercise price which depends on the terminal value of the pension fund. A numerical example using 1992 and 1993 financial statement data from six major U.S. corporations is provided. This example illustrates the usefulness of the model's prediction and the potential effect of theoretical pension values on corporate debt-equity ratios.     

BARGAINING WITH SHARED INFORMATION*

This paper formulates and analyzes models of two-party bargaining behavior where each side possesses private information about its preferences that is unavailable to the other. We examine the strategic behavior that bargainers might exhibit when disclosing information either to an arbitrator or to each other. Our results show that when bargaining is over one issue, it is relatively uncomplicated analytically to calculate the optimal strategy, but, despite this, even sophisticated bargainers tend to make wrong assumptions about the behavior of others and to use strategies that are far from optimal. When the bargaining encompasses several factors, computation of optimal strategies becomes very cumbersome and the use of an optimal strategy does not gain a bargainer much over what he could have achieved with truthful revelation. Thus, in theory, truthful revelation is not the best course of action to adopt for a bargainer interested in maximizing individual gain, but in practice the alternatives may involve mistaken assumptions about the behavior of others and may therefore turn out to be inferior to truthful revelation.     

TRANSFER-PRICING AND OUTPUT DECISIONS: THE DYNAMIC INTERACTION

This paper is concerned with the dynamic interactions between output and transferprice decisions in a three-country model for a multinational firm when profits taxation and ad valorem tariffs are applied simultaneously. A numerical example is used to illustrate that the three-country model modifies considerably conclusions reached in the traditional two-country, two-goods framework.     

Decentralization in Linear Programming Models

This paper proposes a decomposition of a linear programming problem based on the structure of the optimal basis matrix. If this matrix contains a zero matrix of appropriate dimensions, the problem may be decomposed into a price-setting problem and a quantity-setting problem. This decomposition is valid for a set of coefficients of the problem to be determined by parametric programming. It can be applied to problems with common constraints or common variables. An application to dairy production planning is discussed and a comparison with the Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition principle is given.     

资本资产定价理论模型与套利定价模型比较分析

经济效益最大化作为企业财务管理的基础目标是所有财务管理人员始终关心的问题。如何计算并控制企业的各项成本尤其是占极大比例的资本成本被摆到了非常重要的位置上,本文论述的资本资产定价模型和套利定价模型正是当前在计算资本成本中较常用的理论,了解这两种模型的原理及其各自的比较优势对财务管理者的决策有着重大的意义。对于权益资本的投资者而言,这两种模型的应用也有利于他们在进行投资活动的过程中,优化资本组合,合理回避风险,以最终实现较多的投资回报。     

期权定价理论的基本思路、方法及其在企业战略投资领域的应用

期权定价理论(OPT)在企业战略投资领域的应用代表近期西方管理决策研究方面的一大突破。该理论为决策者评价投资的战略价值并争取管理运作中的灵活度,提供了新的思路与量化工具。本文运作期权定价理论的基本思路方法,对一个简化的企业案例作具体分析,试探讨结合我国国情的应用性研究途径。     

市场机会、进入决策与战略性并购:基于成长期权理论的一个案例研究

基于净现值的进入模型是对市场均衡状态下企业进入决策的一个描述.但在现实中,不均衡却是市场的一种常态,因此企业无从进行基于净现值的进入决策.本文首先建立了一个基于成长期权价值的进入模型,并指出在成长期权式的市场机会(即商业前景向好)出现时,企业的最优进入时机并不一定是单调的.而是依赖于进入成本、机会成本与成长期权价值三个变量的时序变动模式.这意味着企业家(创业者)不仅要在动态的市场环境中识别成长期权式的投资项目(创业项目),而且要能根据企业当前业务所处的生命周期阶段审慎地选择进入时机.鉴于已被证实的巨大商业前景,本文将互联网产业看作一项成长期权,并基于成长期权理论对微软的战略性并购进行了分析.     

基于保险精算的住房反向抵押贷款定价研究

住房反向抵押贷款是一种新型的住房金融产品,本文在文献综述的基础上对传统住房反向抵押贷款精算模型进行了修正,提出了基于浮动利率及变动房价的一次性支付产品和终生生存年金产品的定价模型,并利用历史数据对模型中的参数进行了估计。最后,本文采用蒙特卡洛模拟方法测算了不同年龄的借款人可以获得的贷款额度,并对利率和房价的敏感性进行了分析。结果显示,住房反向抵押贷款产品能够显著改善老年人的生活水平。