资本资产定价理论模型与套利定价模型比较分析

经济效益最大化作为企业财务管理的基础目标是所有财务管理人员始终关心的问题。如何计算并控制企业的各项成本尤其是占极大比例的资本成本被摆到了非常重要的位置上,本文论述的资本资产定价模型和套利定价模型正是当前在计算资本成本中较常用的理论,了解这两种模型的原理及其各自的比较优势对财务管理者的决策有着重大的意义。对于权益资本的投资者而言,这两种模型的应用也有利于他们在进行投资活动的过程中,优化资本组合,合理回避风险,以最终实现较多的投资回报。     

公司治理、审计风险与审计定价——基于CCGINK的经验证据

本文采用南开大学公司治理研究中心发表在2004年<管理世界>第二期的论文中公布的2002年度"中国上市公司治理100佳"的公司治理指数作为公司治理质量的替代变量,以"100佳"中的55家2001年至2004年的数据作为研究对象,采用多元回归方法,分析公司治理指数、审计风险、审计师规模与审计定价的关系.结果发现,公司治理指数越高,审计定价越低;随着公司治理指数提高.国际四大和本土五大明显降低了审计定价,而本土次五大的审计定价却没有明显下降,说明审计定价受到公司治理风险影响,国际四大及本土五大对源于公司内部治理的风险更加敏感.原因可能是大型事务所运用了风险导向审计模式,在争取到优质客户后,采取了合理的风险定价策略,以保持优质客户.上述发现对大型审计师获得审计收费声誉溢价的观点做了局部修正.     

基于保险精算的住房反向抵押贷款定价研究

住房反向抵押贷款是一种新型的住房金融产品,本文在文献综述的基础上对传统住房反向抵押贷款精算模型进行了修正,提出了基于浮动利率及变动房价的一次性支付产品和终生生存年金产品的定价模型,并利用历史数据对模型中的参数进行了估计。最后,本文采用蒙特卡洛模拟方法测算了不同年龄的借款人可以获得的贷款额度,并对利率和房价的敏感性进行了分析。结果显示,住房反向抵押贷款产品能够显著改善老年人的生活水平。     

期权定价理论的基本思路、方法及其在企业战略投资领域的应用

期权定价理论(OPT)在企业战略投资领域的应用代表近期西方管理决策研究方面的一大突破。该理论为决策者评价投资的战略价值并争取管理运作中的灵活度,提供了新的思路与量化工具。本文运作期权定价理论的基本思路方法,对一个简化的企业案例作具体分析,试探讨结合我国国情的应用性研究途径。     

市场机会、进入决策与战略性并购:基于成长期权理论的一个案例研究

基于净现值的进入模型是对市场均衡状态下企业进入决策的一个描述.但在现实中,不均衡却是市场的一种常态,因此企业无从进行基于净现值的进入决策.本文首先建立了一个基于成长期权价值的进入模型,并指出在成长期权式的市场机会(即商业前景向好)出现时,企业的最优进入时机并不一定是单调的.而是依赖于进入成本、机会成本与成长期权价值三个变量的时序变动模式.这意味着企业家(创业者)不仅要在动态的市场环境中识别成长期权式的投资项目(创业项目),而且要能根据企业当前业务所处的生命周期阶段审慎地选择进入时机.鉴于已被证实的巨大商业前景,本文将互联网产业看作一项成长期权,并基于成长期权理论对微软的战略性并购进行了分析.     

The effects of option generation on post-decisional regret in everyday life decision-making: A field experiment

While previous studies on post-decisional regret have exclusively focused on externally provided options, the present study is the first to examine post-decisional regret in situations with self-generated options. Applying a metacognitive perspective, we predicted that a large option set-size leads to less post-decisional regret than a small option set-size. This hypothesis is in contrast to the classic choice overload effect which has been reported for externally provided options. Furthermore, we hypothesized that explicitly generating options results in less post-decisional regret than not doing so. We used a field experimental design to test our two hypotheses. On a Sunday morning, participants were asked to generate either three or six options for what they could do during the afternoon and to select one of these options. In a control condition, participants were not instructed to generate options. On Sunday evening, participants indicated how much they regretted not having done something else. Our results provide support for both hypotheses.     

Derivation of Kurtosis and Option Pricing Formulas for Popular Volatility Models with Applications in Finance

This article discusses some topics relevant to financial modeling. The kurtosis of a distribution plays an important role in controlling tail-behavior and is used in edgeworth expansion of the call prices. We present derivations of the kurtosis for a number of popular volatility models useful in financial applications, including the class of random coefficient GARCH models. Option pricing formulas for various classes of volatility models are also derived and a simple proof of the option pricing formula under the Black–Scholes model is given.     

Capacity Investment Under Responsive Pricing: Implications of Market Entry Choice*

We consider a manufacturer’s new market entry problem when it already has some established facility in its existing market. We consider two common market entry strategies: the export strategy and the foreign direct investment (FDI) strategy. In the export strategy the firm increases the capacity at its existing facility and subsequently allocates the output to the existing and the new market dynamically, depending on realized market conditions. The export strategy is a flexible strategy. In the FDI strategy, the firm invests in a dedicated capacity to serve the new market only. The FDI strategy is a (partially) dedicated strategy. We study these two strategies from a planning perspective, that is, how the firm’s strategy choice influences the optimal capacity levels. We find that the firm’s strategy choice can significantly impact the optimal capacity investment levels. We prove, for example, that the firm may enter the new market in the export strategy but not in the FDI strategy, even if the capacity investment cost is identical in the existing and the new market. In addition, we prove that the firm may invest a strictly higher capacity level in the export strategy than that in the FDI strategy. We also prove that new market entry in the FDI strategy may strictly decrease the firm’s supply to its existing market but this is not so in the export strategy, and hence policy makers should carefully consider the implications of trade regulations on firms’ market entry choices.     

Reducing Packaging Waste and Cost via Consumer Price Discounts

Low‐waste packaging may imply an inconvenience to consumers and cause firms to offer a compensating price discount. For example, Starbucks’ “Take the Mug Pledge” campaign provides a 10‐cent discount for customers who purchase coffee without a standard cup (i.e., customers provide their own cup). Understanding how such a discount drives demand and profit is the focus of this article. We consider a monopolist that can offer a reduced‐packaging option for its product at a variable cost savings. That option implies a transactional “inconvenience” cost for consumers. While that transactional cost is generally positive, our model also permits some consumers to associate convenience with reduced packaging. We derive the optimal price and discount that maximize profits. We show the optimal discount is bounded by the magnitude of the variable cost savings associated with the packaging reduction. We explore when the optimal discount is negative (a price premium), which requires a specific proportion of consumers to associate convenience with reduced packaging. We also derive conditions under which the firm should price to eliminate demand for the standard product, rather than segment the market, to leverage the variable cost savings of reduced packaging. When the variable cost savings are low (e.g., as is true for Starbucks), we show the profit curve for the segmenting policy is relatively flat for a discount up to several multiples of the cost differential. Finally, we demonstrate the potential for the reduced packaging option, with optimal discounting, to simultaneously increase profit and consumer surplus while reducing waste.     

A Stochastic Volatility Model With Realized Measures for Option Pricing

Abstract

Based on the fact that realized measures of volatility are affected by measurement errors, we introduce a new family of discrete-time stochastic volatility models having two measurement equations relating both observed returns and realized measures to the latent conditional variance. A semi-analytical option pricing framework is developed for this class of models. In addition, we provide analytical filtering and smoothing recursions for the basic specification of the model, and an effective MCMC algorithm for its richer variants. The empirical analysis shows the effectiveness of filtering and smoothing realized measures in inflating the latent volatility persistence—the crucial parameter in pricing Standard and Poor’s 500 Index options.