Product option framing under the influence of a promotion versus prevention focus

Investigations into the option framing effect involve the use of a subtractive versus an additive option-framing method to gauge their impact on consumer behaviors. This research examines how option framing could affect choice decisions as a function of a consumer’s goal orientation. Study 1 offers convergent support for the proposition that regulatory focus moderates the option framing effect and the mediating role of action/inaction on the relationship between regulatory focus and the option framing effect. In particular, a reverse finding shows that promotion-focused consumers provided with a +OF options list tend to choose more options than those who are given a −OF option list. To explain the reverse effect, Study 2 examines and demonstrates regulatory fit as a possible moderator. The results of Study 2 also confirm our inference and echo the same results of Study 1. Finally, based on the regulatory fit theory, Study 3 examines if cognitive constraints associate with a consumer’s regulatory orientation may also account for the interaction between regulatory focus and option framing. The results of Study 3 also support the proposition.     

A Stochastic Volatility Model With Conditional Skewness

We develop a discrete-time affine stochastic volatility model with time-varying conditional skewness (SVS). Importantly, we disentangle the dynamics of conditional volatility and conditional skewness in a coherent way. Our approach allows current asset returns to be asymmetric conditional on current factors and past information, which we term contemporaneous asymmetry. Conditional skewness is an explicit combination of the conditional leverage effect and contemporaneous asymmetry. We derive analytical formulas for various return moments that are used for generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation. Applying our approach to S&P500 index daily returns and option data, we show that one- and two-factor SVS models provide a better fit for both the historical and the risk-neutral distribution of returns, compared to existing affine generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH), and stochastic volatility with jumps (SVJ) models. Our results are not due to an overparameterization of the model: the one-factor SVS models have the same number of parameters as their one-factor GARCH competitors and less than the SVJ benchmark.     

劳动力流动对经济贡献分析——基于期权视角

劳动力流动是资源合理配置的一种方式，促进流入地经济的发展。流动人口的劳动力价值具有期权特征，劳动力流人地相当于持有一份买人看涨期权。本文以广东为例．对劳动力流动的期权价值进行实证研究，研究发现，该地区流动人口劳动力期权价值逐年增长，说明流动人口为该地区所创造的价值不断提高，其对流动人口的依赖性也越来越强。用工荒问题与大学生就业难问题并存．使产业结构调整及农村土地产权改革势在必行。     

经理人股票期权问题的研究

经理人股票期权作为企业激励方式已发展为国际化趋势。但随着安然、世通财务舞弊及2002年春美国股市出现的下跌,经理人股票期权确认及由此而产生的一系列问题再次引起了企业、政府、准则制定机构的广泛关注。通过分析经理人股票期权会计确认的方法及其经济后果,指出经理人股票期权制度在激励经理人的同时会诱导道德风险,而且这种制度受到股票市场股价波动、企业所处的发展阶段等因素的影响。     

Derivation of Kurtosis and Option Pricing Formulas for Popular Volatility Models with Applications in Finance

This article discusses some topics relevant to financial modeling. The kurtosis of a distribution plays an important role in controlling tail-behavior and is used in edgeworth expansion of the call prices. We present derivations of the kurtosis for a number of popular volatility models useful in financial applications, including the class of random coefficient GARCH models. Option pricing formulas for various classes of volatility models are also derived and a simple proof of the option pricing formula under the Black–Scholes model is given.     

A joint optimal pricing and order quantity model under parameter uncertainty and its practical implementation

We consider a robust optimization model of determining a joint optimal bundle of price and order quantity for a retailer in a two-stage supply chain under uncertainty of parameters in demand and purchase cost functions. Demand is modeled as a decreasing power function of product price, and unit purchase cost is modeled as a decreasing power function of order quantity and demand. While the general form of the power functions are given, it is assumed that parameters defining the two power functions involve a certain degree of uncertainty and their possible values can be characterized by ellipsoids. We show that the robust optimization problem can be transformed into an equivalent convex optimization which can be solved efficiently and effectively using interior-point methods. In addition, we propose a practical implementation of the model, where the stochastic characteristics of parameters are obtained from regression analysis on past sales and production data, and ellipsoidal representations of the parameter uncertainties are obtained based on a combined use of genetic algorithm and Monte Carlo simulation. An illustrative example is provided to demonstrate the model and its implementation.     

The Mathematics of Electoral District Allocation in New Zealand

This paper outlines the implicit conceptual basis of New Zealand's electoral district allocation, as embodied in the Electoral Act 1993. It puts the words of the Act into simple mathematical formulae and describes how these concepts are implemented in the Government Statistician's electoral calculations, with examples from the 1997 calculations. The paper shows how the Māori Option affects the number of Māori electoral districts, and describes an unexpected effect of the Option on the number of General electoral districts.     

The implications of irreversibility in emergency response decisions

The irreversibility effect implies that a decision maker who neglects the prospect of receiving more complete information at later stages of a sequential decision problem will in certain cases too easily take an irreversible decision, as he ignores the existence of a positive option value in favour of reversible decisions. This option value represents the decision maker's flexibility to adapt subsequent decisions to the obtained information. In this paper we show that the economic models dealing with irreversibility as used in environmental and capital investment decision making can be extended to emergency response decisions that produce important irreversible effects. In particular, we concentrate on the decision whether or not to evacuate an industrial area threatened by a possible nuclear accident. We show in a simple two-period evacuation decision model that non-optimal conclusions may be drawn when evacuation is regarded as a `now or never decision'. The robustness of these results is verified by means of a sensitivity analysis of the various model parameters. The importance of `options thinking' in this decision context is illustrated in an example.     

顾客策略行为下差异产品两阶段定价模型研究

互联网和信息技术的发展,为零售商收集顾客信息带来方便的同时,也使得消费者变得越来越具有策略性和选择性。首先,构建零售商只销售一种高质量产品的情形,研究其两阶段的定价策略,并分析产品的跨期折扣因子对产品的零售价格、销售量和零售商利润的影响。然后,考虑零售商可提供高质量和低质量两种产品的情形,顾客在第一销售期、第二销售期都可以选择两种产品。构建两阶段的定价决策模型,并分析产品的跨期折扣因子、顾客对低质量产品的接受度等参数对产品两阶段的零售价格、销售量的影响。最后,用数值算例分析了第二种模型下顾客对低质量产品的接受度等模型参数对零售商两阶段总利润的影响,然后比较了第一种和第二种模型下高质量产品的零售价格和销售量。研究结论较全面的分析了顾客策略行为对差异产品两阶段销售期的定价决策的影响,为零售商进行定价优化决策提供了十分重要的参考。     

Shattering the Myth of Costless Price Changes

Despite its centrality to the topic, very little attention has been paid to the topic of price changes. Indeed, for the most part, organisations operate under the myth of costless price changes. This article broadens the definition of the costs of changing price and then presents strategic recommendations for improving the way in which prices are changed within organisations.