收入分配、产权保护与社会冲突: 现代经济学视角下的冲突管理与和谐社会构建

以群体性事件为代表的社会冲突现象越来越成为当下社会聚焦的问题。在现代经济学的视角下详解冲突的发生机制和化解方法,通过将精英和社会大众这两个阶层之间的冲突行为纳入到以博弈论为基础的分析框架内构建模型分析,进而发现,产权保护的加强和收入分配的改善都会减少群体性冲突行为的发生,反之,两者同时恶化往往是冲突爆发的重要潜在原因。在一定范围内,精英通过改善收入分配可以同时改善双方的收入情况,以达到帕累托改进,这在一定程度上为政府打开了施政的空间。从长远看,产权保护的加强和收入分配的改善不仅是构建完善的社会稳定机制的微观基础,也是社会大众实现中国梦的保障。     

A Latent Process Model for Temporal Extremes

This paper presents a hierarchical approach to modelling extremes of a stationary time series. The procedure comprises two stages. In the first stage, exceedances over a high threshold are modelled through a generalized Pareto distribution, which is represented as a mixture of an exponential variable with a Gamma distributed rate parameter. In the second stage, a latent Gamma process is embedded inside the exponential distribution in order to induce temporal dependence among exceedances. Unlike other hierarchical extreme‐value models, this version has marginal distributions that belong to the generalized Pareto family, so that the classical extreme‐value paradigm is respected. In addition, analytical developments show that different choices of the underlying Gamma process can lead to different degrees of temporal dependence of extremes, including asymptotic independence. The model is tested through a simulation study in a Markov chain setting and used for the analysis of two datasets, one environmental and one financial. In both cases, a good flexibility in capturing different types of tail behaviour is obtained.     

基于Vidale-Wolfe模型的多市场广告预算分配决策模型

广告决策问题很长时间以来都是营销经理和学者们关注的热点。随着社会经济发展,越来越多的企业面对多个市场。如何在多个市场、广告总预算固定的状况下,合理分配各个市场广告预算以收到最优广告效果,是一个企业关心的较为重要的问题。经过比较,选择Vidale-Wolfe模型作为广告反应模型,在此基础上建立了多市场广告预算分配决策模型。考虑到一些营销策略对某些市场有特殊销售速率要求,该模型分为无特殊销售速率维持要求的多市场广告预算分配决策模型和有特殊销售速率维持要求的多市场广告预算分配决策模型两类,后者探讨了销售速率变化与达到指定销售速率两种要求下的广告预算最优分配问题,构建了优化模型,提出了模型参数取值与模型求解方法,最后给出了一个算例。     

Income Maintenance and Labor Force Participation

The paper studies the optimal tax‐subsidy schedules in an economy where the only decision of the agents is to work, or not, with an application to the case of France. Given an income guarantee provided by the welfare state, the tax schedule that maximizes government revenue provides a benchmark, the Laffer bound, above which it is inefficient to tax. In fact, under mild conditions, a feasible allocation is second best optimal if and only if the associated taxes are lower than the Laffer bound. The only restriction that efficiency puts on the shape of the tax scheme is this upper Laffer bound. The Laffer tax scheme itself can be computed from the joint distribution of the agents' productivities and work opportunity costs. Depending on the economy, it can take widely different forms, and exhibit, for instance, negative marginal tax rates. After estimating the joint distribution of productivities and work opportunity costs on French data, I compute the Laffer bound for two subpopulations, single women and married women with two children or more. Quite surprisingly, the actual incentives to work appear to be very close to the bound.     

The Optimal Degree of Discretion in Monetary Policy

How much discretion should the monetary authority have in setting its policy? This question is analyzed in an economy with an agreed‐upon social welfare function that depends on the economy's randomly fluctuating state. The monetary authority has private information about that state. Well designed rules trade off society's desire to give the monetary authority discretion to react to its private information against society's need to prevent that authority from giving in to the temptation to stimulate the economy with unexpected inflation, the time inconsistency problem. Although this dynamic mechanism design problem seems complex, its solution is simple: legislate an inflation cap. The optimal degree of monetary policy discretion turns out to shrink as the severity of the time inconsistency problem increases relative to the importance of private information. In an economy with a severe time inconsistency problem and unimportant private information, the optimal degree of discretion is none.     

基于MDE资源分时段与活动平移并行的均衡优化

本文以资源均方差作为衡量工程网络计划资源均衡性的评价函数,基于非关键活动资源可以分段使用的状态,提出了对非关键活动机动时间及其各个时段的资源强度同时动态并行调整的优化策略,以弥补非关键活动平移幅度因受时差的限制而对均衡效果产生的影响,并以此构建了网络计划资源均衡优化模型;并针对网络计划均衡优化模型是一多峰值的非线性优化函数的特点,对基于种群的全局搜索策略的差分进化算法进行了改进和进行全局最优解的寻优,以优化各个非关键活动起止时间,求出各个非关键活动最优的安排;最后,通过实例分析,并与其它算法进行了对比分析,验证明了所提出的均衡优化方法的优越性和实用性.     

基于马尔可夫链的间歇性购买个体客户终生价值预测模型

随着市场竞争的日益激烈,客户的购买行为呈现出个体化和间歇性的特征,如何对此类间歇性购买个体客户的赢利性进行预测进而合理分配营销资源是当前亟待解决的一个重要问题.首先根据马尔可夫链的理论构造了间歇性购买个体客户的购买马尔可夫链,并利用马尔可夫链的转移矩阵得出该类客户全部剩余终生价值预测公式;其次,对终生价值预测公式中的参数(如个体客户在未来时间活跃度、个体客户在未来时间购买概率、个体客户在未来时间购买次数、个体客户在未来时间购买量等)进行了确定;最后,利用Matlab程序对济南市某IT分销商的客户交易数据进行了实证分析,从而证明了本预测模型的有效性和实用性.     

Confidence intervals based on L-moments for quantiles of the GP and GEV distributions with application to market-opening asset prices data

In a ground-breaking paper published in 1990 by the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, J.R.M. Hosking defined the L-moment of a random variable as an expectation of certain linear combinations of order statistics. L-moments are an alternative to conventional moments and recently they have been used often in inferential statistics. L-moments have several advantages over the conventional moments, including robustness to the the presence of outliers, which may lead to more accurate estimates in some cases as the characteristics of distributions. In this contribution, asymptotic theory and L-moments are used to derive confidence intervals of the population parameters and quantiles of the three-parametric generalized Pareto and extreme-value distributions. Computer simulations are performed to determine the performance of confidence intervals for the population quantiles based on L-moments and to compare them to those obtained by traditional estimation techniques. The results obtained show that they perform well in comparison to the moments and maximum likelihood methods when the interest is in higher quantiles, or even best. L-moments are especially recommended when the tail of the distribution is rather heavier and the sample size is small. The derived intervals are applied to real economic data, and specifically to market-opening asset prices.     

An optimal control chart for finite matrix sequences at some unknown change point

We present a new measure for evaluating the performance of control charts to detect abrupt changes of finite matrix sequences. The objective is to minimize the probability that the control chart fails to raise the alarm at unknown change point time for a given in-control average run length. We construct and prove the optimal control chart with dynamic control limits in different pre- and post-change distributions. We validate the optimality of the proposed chart by conducting exhaustive experiments on both simulation study and real-world data.     

委托-代理关系下的最优契约——契约补偿、私人利得与股东保护间的均衡

传统公司治理都和股东与管理者间的利益冲突有关。1976年Jensen和Meck-ling提出股权分离学说,认为管理者倾向于自身效用最大化而不是股东价值最大化。本文拟运用具体的分析框架,从研究道德风险和逆向选择的代理问题入手,来重新审视关于价值转移的争论。