小额诉讼程序中裁判文书的简化

简化裁判文书体例和说理是提升诉讼效率、适应小额诉讼程序改革的基本要求。当前，通用的裁判文书格式固化、式样单一、内容繁杂冗长，已无法适应广大人民群众对高效司法的需要，难以与小额诉讼程序完全匹配，束缚了小额诉讼程序改革。简化裁判文书、提高诉讼效率，需要从增强法官的专业能力出发，以信息化建设为依托，在加强说理和法治宣传的同时，对裁判文书的体例结构进行适当简化，创新裁判文书的式样，拓展无裁判文书适用的案件范围，完善当事人司法监督和权利救济渠道，做到程序规范、格式简化、说理透彻、处理得当，从而更好地服务于小额诉讼程序改革，体现法治精神和社会价值。     

《民法典》人格权侵害禁令溯源、性质及其制度构建

为满足及时制止人格权侵权行为的规则供给需求，《民法典》第997条增设了人格权侵害禁令制度。但尚待修改的《民事诉讼法》没有为之提供配套的程序，《民法典》也未进行相应的规定，有必要分析如何构建人格权侵害禁令制度。构建制度的前提是明晰其性质，而学界目前就人格权侵害禁令的性质尚未形成共识，多数观点认为是临时禁令，少数观点认为是永久禁令。鉴于这一制度借鉴自国外制度，借鉴对象的性质及相应规则对于分析我国人格权侵害禁令的性质及制度构建具有重要意义，因而本文从制度溯源开始，结合借鉴对象的性质、功能以及我国的本土语境，分析我国人格权侵害禁令的性质，并提出人格权侵害禁令制度的完善建议。我国人格权侵害禁令制度源自英美法上的禁令制度，而非直接来源于罗马法上的禁止令状或令状制度。英美法上的禁令制度既包括永久性救济，也包括临时性救济，还包括其他法官发出的命令；既有财产保全的内容，也有行为保全的内容，还有行为给付判决的内容。多数观点主张将人格权侵害禁令作为临时禁令的理由并不充分，且不独立于诉讼的禁令制度与我国既有制度相重复。较为妥当的方案是使人格权侵害禁令独立于诉讼，使其具有相对独立的制度功能；基于效率与公正的平衡，使法院既可以迅速发出临时性的人格权侵害禁令，也可以及时发出永久性的人格权侵害禁令，并且在同一程序中，可以先发出临时性禁令要求当事人在程序结束前停止行为，在程序结束时以永久性禁令取代之。基于人格权侵害禁令的内部差异，人格权侵害禁令的审查程序内部也应当具有相应区分。总体而言，人格权侵害禁令的审查程序应当介于诉讼程序与非讼程序之间，情况紧急、作出临时禁令的应当接近非讼程序；其他情形则应当接近诉讼程序。法官审查人格权侵害禁令的申请时需要判断行为人是否正在实施或者即将实施侵害其人格权的违法行为，以及不及时制止是否将使其合法权益受到难以弥补的损害，同时将公共利益纳入考量范围。人格权侵害禁令送达后即生效，对裁判不服的当事人可以向上一级法院申请复议，复议期间禁令仍然有效。人格权侵害禁令生效后被申请人不履行的，法院按照行为执行的规则实施强制执行。     

检察公益诉讼对公司绿色创新的影响分析——来自绿色专利申请的经验证据

推行检察公益诉讼是一场深刻的司法制度改革,其本质是借助司法权来缓解公共利益因主体缺位而可能出现的“公地悲剧”问题,对维护公共利益、抑制租值消散、优化资源配置具有深远影响。已有研究成果主要集中在检察公益诉讼理论基础、制度价值和规范建构等方面,鲜有文献对检察公益诉讼的政策效果展开实证分析。基于此,以我国检察公益诉讼试点数据为样本,将绿色专利申请作为表征公司绿色创新的核心变量,采用双重差分模型开展实证研究,能够全面检验检察公益诉讼制度创新的政策效果,揭示检察公益诉讼推动公司绿色创新的内在机理,进而为检察公益诉讼制度的全面推行提供经验证据。研究发现,检察公益诉讼显著提高了公司绿色专利申请的积极性,并且地区检察机关越透明、环境检测机构供给越充分、公司公众关注度越高,检察公益诉讼推动公司绿色专利申请的政策效果就越明显。进一步研究发现,国有持股比例、公司规模对检察公益诉讼与公司绿色创新具有正向调节效应,而高管政治关联对两者的调节效应为负。该研究结论为厘清检察公益诉讼与公司绿色创新之间关系提供了重要的经验证据,有助于进一步夯实检察公益诉讼制度创新的社会基础,并为建立健全检察公益诉讼配套制度指明了方向。     

检察机关的调查取证权研究——以检察机关提起的环境民事公益诉讼为视角

在检察机关提起的环境民事公益诉讼中，为了完成举证任务，检察机关需要对有关事实和证据进行调查核实，但由于检察机关诉讼地位的性质界定尚存争议，检察机关调查取证权的性质亦未形成统一意见，导致检察机关的调查取证权缺乏强制性，造成取证效率较低，影响诉讼的进程，致使保护环境公益这一目的难以实现。对此，应赋予检察机关限定强制性调查取证权，并采取相应的保障措施，促进取证顺利完成，从而推动环境民事公益诉讼的开展，最终实现保护环境公益的目的。     

Intentions to leave and actual turnover of community midwives in the Netherlands: A mixed method study exploring the reasons why

BackgroundIn the Netherlands, the turnover of midwives of relatively young age is high. This is concerning since a lack of midwifery experience can negatively affect the quality of maternity care.AimTo study the rate and the reasons for intending to leave, and to explore the reasons for leaving midwifery jobs in the Netherlands.MethodsWe used a mixed-methods design including a quantitative survey (N = 726) followed by qualitative interviews (N = 17) with community midwives.FindingsAlmost one third of the respondents considered leaving the profession. The decision to actually leave the job was the result of a process in which midwives first tried to adapt to their working conditions, followed by feelings of frustration and finally feelings of decreased engagement with the work. The reasons for leaving midwifery practice are an accumulation of job demands, lack of social resources and family responsibilities.DiscussionCompared to international figures, we found a lower rate of midwives who considered leaving the profession. This could be explained by the differences in the organisation of midwifery care and the relatively high job autonomy of midwives in the Netherlands. Nevertheless, changes must be made in terms of decreasing the demands of the job and creating more job resources.ConclusionInnovations in the organisational structure that focus on continuity of care for pregnant individuals, job satisfaction for midwives and building a sustainable workforce may result in an increase in the retention of midwives. These innovations would ensure that women and their babies receive the best care possible.     

Understanding Patterns of Publishing Activity in Academic Research Occupations*

While it is widely understood that faculty in various disciplines tend to publish at different rates and in different forms, knowledge of these differences is too limited to facilitate systematically differentiated performance appraisal and reward systems. In this study, theory concerning knowledge production system characteristics as influences on individual performance is applied to academic research occupations using a classification scheme developed by Biglan [4]. Regression analysis is applied to a general (industry-wide) sample of United States faculty, with publishing patterns as performance measures. Each dimension of the classification scheme is found to have predictive validity. Output patterns are consistent with a conceptualization of research occupations in terms of (1) transformational/technological processes, (2) research mission, and (3) input/subject matter characteristics. The results offer a basis for generating disciplinary publishing norms and differentiated reward systems.     

ESTIMATING EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION LIABILITY WITH A DETERMINISTIC SIMULATION*

This paper presents an employment discrimination liability model that estimates back-pay liability for an employer's discriminatory employment practices by simulating employment practices under assumptions of fairness. Comparison of the racial/sexual composition of the simulated fair work force with the racial/sexual composition of the employer's actual work force permits identification of cases of discrimination. The model suggests that the choice of a stock or flow approach will have a significant effect on the amount of employer liability.     

A PROCUREMENT STAFFING MODEL: ESTIMATING THE SERVICE AND COST IMPACTS OF ALTERING OPERATIONS*

Evaluating the service and cost impacts of altering procurement configurations is a common problem whenever an organization desires to be responsive to the changing needs of the populations being served. Changes relate to the volume of the work load, the degree of responsiveness required, or the technology and processes used. In real-world situations, personnel turnovers, uneven work loads, leaves, training requirements, and use of overtime all contribute to the complexity of the task. When a range of experience over different-sized operations is available, econometric approaches are applicable to estimate economies of scaie and technical substitution possibilities. Otherwise, queuing and job-shop modeling, combined with simulation approaches, can be helpful. This paper presents a case study of the analysis of a proposed reorganization for a large procurement activity in the U.S. Navy. The actual job-shop-scheduling and task-sequencing logic used in practice was modeled. Cost comparisons of four procurement configurations were generated under the constraints that prespecified levels of service be satisfied.