Costs and Rewards of Children: The Effects of Becoming a Parent on Adults' Lives

How do new parents differ from their childless counterparts in social and psychological resources, daily strains, and psychological well‐being? Using a nationally representative panel of 1,933 adults who were childless at the first interview, we compare 6 indicators of adults' lives for those who became parents and those remaining childless several years later, controlling for earlier states. Becoming a parent is both detrimental and rewarding. With the exception of social integration, which is greater for all groups of new parents compared with their childless counterparts, the effects of parental status on adults' lives vary markedly by gender and marital status. Unmarried parents report lower self‐efficacy and higher depression than their childless counterparts. Married mothers' lives are marked by more housework and more marital conflict but less depression than their childless counterparts. Parental status has little influence on the lives of married men.     

关于规范普通话水平测试工作的思考

规范普通话水平测试工作 ,必须健全制度 ,建设好管理人员和测试人员队伍 ,并做好普通话培训、考务管理、测试等具体工作环节     

Valuation of childhood risk reduction: the importance of age, risk preferences, and perspective.

This article explores two problems analysts face in determining how to estimate values for children's health and safety risk reductions. The first addresses the question: Do willingness‐to‐pay estimates for health risk changes differ across children and adults and, if so, how? To answer this question, the article first examines the potential effects of age and risk preferences on willingness to pay. A summary of the literature reporting empirical evidence of differences between willingness to pay for adult health and safety risk reductions and willingness to pay for health and safety risk reductions in children is also provided. The second dimension of the problem is a more fundamental issue: Whose perspective is relevant when valuing children's health effects—society's, children's, adults‐as‐children, or parents'? Each perspective is considered, followed ultimately by the conclusion that adopting a parental perspective through an intrahousehold allocation model seems closest to meeting the needs of the estimation problem at hand. A policy example in which the choice of perspective affects the outcome of a regulatory benefit‐cost analysis rounds out the article and emphasizes the importance of perspective.     

长歌当哭，寓悲于闲——晚唐送人赴任诗情感探微

送人赴任之作,在唐代别离诗中占有相当大比例.盛唐人的这类诗歌,往往忽略了别离之伤情.反之,晚唐却固囿于这一伤情,并将此进一步深化,深化的结果,就是诗歌中闲情的泛滥.这不是偶然的,而是晚唐文人大范围接受佛道思想的必然结果.     

开放与经济绩效：中国和亚洲新兴工业经济体的比较研究

通过对中国和亚洲新兴工业经济体(NIEs)发展经验的比较,认为中国作为世界最大的发展中经济体,其发展对世界经济产生着巨大的影响,在“渐进性”开放政策的实施过程中,中国的外汇制度、国际贸易和外商直接投资(FD I)正在逐步实现自由化,试图从中探询出这种“渐进性”开放过程是如何影响中国经济的发展的。     

当代中国文学思潮的特点与模式

文学思潮是一个时代的文学创作潮流中所表现出来的那个社会的时代精神和社会风尚,以及那个时代起主导作用的文学创作的理论和方法。文学思潮有以下几个特点一、深层性;二、理论性;三、群体性;四、时段性;五、实践性。对于划分和命名文学思潮,应该尽可能地宽容。然而,宽容并不是没有原则。当代中国文坛独特的结构和制度,决定了当代文学思潮的特点。主要表现在一、文学理论和创作极度密切的关系;二、文学思潮少有自发产生的,基本上是自觉的、自上而下提倡的;三、由于基本是自觉的,所以是理性的。     

中国会计国际化趋势

通过对中国会计国际化进程中会计制度改革的现状及存在问题的分析,指出了处在经济转型时期的中国,与国际财务报告准则完全接轨尚有一定的障碍。随着我国改革开放的深入和参与国际经济一体化步伐的加快,这些障碍会逐步消失,与国际财务报告准则全面接轨是必然趋势。今后的努力方向:第一,要大力培养国际型高素质的会计人才;第二,要健全法律法规,完善市场经济体制,为会计国际化创造良好的外部环境;第三,要加强会计界的国际交流与合作,借鉴国际会计惯例,逐步实现中国会计的国际化。     

《全宋诗》拾零

依据近人徐乃昌《安徽通志稿.金石古物考》所著录的宋代石刻材料,考核《全宋诗》相关内容,辑录佚诗25首,可补《全宋诗》之缺。     

西部产业集群发展的制度分析

从制度上看,区域产业集群发展具有自发性或诱致性、以市场制度为基础密切联系而形成核心竞争力、根植性等制度特征。西部产业集群发展,具有优惠的区域政策和制度后发优势,但也面临一定的正式制度和非正式制度约束,如与市场经济相左的思想道德观念、偏重自然资源的路径依赖、地方政府职能的错位、中央投资体制分割,等等。针对这些约束,必须采取相应的制度创新。     

西部金融发展的路径选择探析

通过我国东、西部金融发展水平的比较，发现西部金融正处于一种迟缓发展状态，因而未能真正发挥出对区域经济的促进作用。经过分析，认为西部应选择供给引导型金融发展道路，主动通过金融先行发展来加速经济增长。