Complementary medicines and therapies in clinical guidelines on pregnancy care: A systematic review

BackgroundThere is a need for evidence-based guidance on complementary medicines and therapies (CMT) use during pregnancy due to high prevalence of use and lack of guidance on the balance of benefit and harms.AimEvaluate the extent to which current clinical practice guidelines relevant to Australian healthcare professionals make clear and unambiguous recommendations about CMT use in pregnancy, and synthesise these recommendations.MethodsThe search included EMBASE, PubMed, the National Health and Medical Research Council’s Clinical Practice Guidelines Portal, and websites of Australian maternity hospitals and professional/not-for-profit organisations for published guidelines on pregnancy care. Data were synthesised narratively. Guidelines were appraised by two independent reviewers using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE II) instrument.FindingsA total of 48 guidelines were found, of which 41% provided recommendations that were not limited to routine vitamin and mineral supplementation. There were wide variations in recommendations, particularly for vitamin D and calcium. There was some consensus on recommending ginger and vitamin B6 for nausea and vomiting, and additional supplementation for women with obesity. Guidelines generally scored poorly in the domains of editorial independence and rigour of development.DiscussionThere is a lack of guidance with regard to appropriate CMT use during pregnancy, which may result in less-than-optimal care. Inconsistency between guidelines may lead to variations in care.ConclusionGuidelines should include clear and unambiguous guidance on appropriate CMT use during pregnancy, be based on a structured search of the evidence and informed by stakeholder engagement.     

以民为本:中国共产党从革命到执政的实践基础

中国共产党的三代领导集体 ,经历了革命、执政、改革开放和社会主义市场经济的社会实践 ,在不同历史时期 ,牢记为人民服务的宗旨 ,赢得了人民的支持 ,也向人民交出了无愧于时代的出色答卷。新的世纪 ,我党仍面临严峻考验。但中外历史经验证明 ,只要以民为本 ,服务人民 ,就能使社会主义祖国走向繁荣、富强     

16世纪末至18世纪末俄国东正教修行生活衰落原因探析

俄国东正教修行生活从16世纪末到18世纪末呈现逐渐衰落趋势.其原因既有大的社会背景的影响,即西方化的出现和发展,也有俗世政权与教会关系的原因,即这一时期俗世政权凌驾于教会之上,限制教会修行生活的发展;同时,修行生活内部也存在腐化堕落的现象,降低了其在民众心目中的崇高地位和影响力;部分修士参与分裂运动也造成了整个教会修行生活受到严重打击.     

中国法学实证研究客观性难题求解——韦伯社会科学方法论的启示

以实证研究方法为特色的中国法治实践学派日益受到关注。中国法学研究方法正处于转型之中,实证研究方法将成为法学研究的常规范式。一些学者对法学实证研究的客观性提出质疑。求解实证研究的客观性难题可以从马克斯·韦伯那里得到启发。韦伯对社会科学的客观性研究具有代表性,认为人文社会科学可以做到“价值无涉”。韦伯主张的客观性以价值关联为前提,以客观可能性为基础,以对理想类型的应用和超越为实现路径。在法学研究中,运用指向客观性的社会科学研究方法具有必然性,这是由法学研究对象的广泛性以及法学对法律的批判功能决定的。法学实证研究并不排斥主流的规范研究,两者应互相补充,这也是中国法治实践学派的基本立场。中国法学实证研究要实现客观性,需要兼顾证实与证伪,注重文献的积累、理解的逻辑以及实践。中国法治实践学派的目标是要在韦伯方法论基础上实现创新和超越。     

省属高校法学实践教学现状分析及对策研究

实践教学是省属高校法学专业提升其人才培养质量的突破口。然而目前省属高校在对实践教学重视程度、管理体制、评估体系、师资力量、教学环境等方面还存在诸多问题。面对上述问题我们可以通过逐步实现法学实践教学的规范化管理,建立并完善法学实践教学评价体系,加强“双师型”的教师队伍的建设,增加法学实践教学的投入,建立方便实用的实践教学基地等途径提高省属高校法学实践教学的质量。     

浅议新形势下大学生的社会实践工作

社会实践是大学生思想政治教育的重要环节,对于提高大学生的综合素质与各种能力具有不可替代的作用。在新形势下,必须加强与改进大学生的社会实践工作。     

积极进取勇于创新 ——邓小平理论"三进"的教学实践

邓小平理论"进教材、进课堂、进头脑"是高校政治理论课的重要使命.目前,邓小平理论"进教材"、"进课堂"均已做到,但"进头脑"仍是政治理论课教师面临的重要课题.我院在邓小平理论"三进"教学实践中积累了一些经验、取得了一些成绩.     

课程实践性教学的主体性思考——以社会工作专业课程实践教学为例

课程实践教学作为一种提高教学效果的方法,越来越受到广大教师的重视。本文试图以社会工作课程实践教学为例,说明课程实践教学的现状、存在的问题,进而提出构建实践课程的想法。     

工科大学社会工作专业实习基地建设探索

社会工作是一门为社会弱势群体提供专业服务促进社会和谐的新专业,近十年社会工作教育发展迅速。从中国社会工作教育协会的统计资料看,已经有200多所大学开设了社会工作专业。文章从笔者所在院校新办的社会工作专业出发,探讨社会工作专业实习基地建设与社工人才培养的辩证关系。     

Benchmarking for small- to medium-sized enterprises

This paper identifies which benchmarking databases are available for small- to medium-sized enterprises and the best way to conduct a benchmarking project given the limiting factors which exist at the present time. First, the meaning of benchmarking and performance measures, and their importance to an enterprise are explained. Second, frameworks for the identification of critical performance measures are considered. Third, different types of industrial benchmarking are identified and defined. Fourth, publicly accessible databases are critically reviewed against the requirements of industrial benchmarking. Fifth, the results of the critical review are presented in tabular form. Sixth, conclusions are drawn as how best to proceed with a benchmarking project at the present time. Seventh, recommendations for how best to address the issues raised by the critical review are presented.