“V在了N”格式补说三题

占勇（2009）认为＂V在了N＂是现代汉语新兴格式;其实,此格式在明代萌芽,清代成熟,并非新兴格式;占勇不同意邢福义的＂类推＂说法,认为＂V在了N＂格式是语法化的结果;我们认为,＂V在了N＂格式既有语法化的动因,也有＂类推＂的原因。     

副名结构：语言中的新构式

依据构式语法理论,对副名结构的产生进行了分析。认为副名结构的产生是构式引申的结果,其动因是出于丰富表达手段的需要;副形结构,或者说汉语中已经存在的＂很X＂构式,是副名结构产生的基础,使得进入该结构的名词发生语义游移,从而突显其隐含的性状义;而这一语义操作的语言机制则是语言中普遍存在的转喻现象。     

浅谈新兴字母词＂N＂

"N"已日渐成为当今的流行词语,甚至可作为汉语句子的构成成分进入句子构建过程,具有多种用法和很强的涵盖力。在功能上与汉语的程度副词"很"有着密切的联系,有一定的接受基础。     

THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION: TESTING THE WEBER HYPOTHESIS IN THE GERMAN LANDS

Following Max Weber, many theories have hypothesized that Protestantism should have favored economic development. With its religious heterogeneity, the Holy Roman Empire presents an ideal testing ground for this hypothesis. Using population figures of 272 cities in the years 1300–1900, I find no effects of Protestantism on economic growth. The finding is precisely estimated, robust to the inclusion of various controls, and does not depend on data selection or small sample size. Denominational differences in fertility behavior and literacy are unlikely to be major confounding factors. Protestantism has no effect when interacted with other likely determinants of economic development. Instrumental variables estimates, considering the potential endogeneity of religious choice, are similar to the OLS results.     

论艾森斯塔特阐释多元现代性的逻辑

艾森斯塔特通过对自马克思及韦伯以来的社会进化理论的质疑和批判，对纷繁复杂的现代性历史的反思，采用比较历史（文明比较）的研究方法考察了现代性从起源、传播到成型的动态变化过程和发展方向，揭示了现代性沿着多样性特征展开的逻辑。他认为理解当代世界最好的方法是将它视为文化方案多样性不断解释、选择、重释、构建和重构的一个过程。理解现代性多样性的特征对于认识当今世界及其发展方向、认识具体社会的特殊现实，在理论和实践上都具有深远的意义。     

Perturbation analysis for an orthogonal least-squares estimator

Coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) are used to check the geometric integrity of component parts. The geometric constraints to which a part must conform, as defined e.g., by The American National Standards Institute, assume the use of some type of gauging system when inspecting the part. Statistical issues arise in interpretting CMM data in the inspection of part tolerances. We consider a set of n planar regions on the surface of a part. The unit vector normal to each plane is estimated by orthogonal least squares. The small-sample density of this estimator (on the unit sphere S²) is determined asymptotically as the variance of the CMM error approaches 0. To a first-degree approximation, this density is Fisher-von Mises. Diagnostics are reviewed to test the geometric constraint that the n planar regions are oriented correctly with respect to one another, and to test the flatness of planar regions.     

Possible causes of tax evasion

Only a limited number of empirical investigations, into possible causes of tax evasion, have been carried out. Most of these have been conducted since 1970 and they have been carried out in countries other than Australia. Much of the published research was reviewed lo develop a set of hypotheses which were then tested with Australian data. The results of those tests are reported in this article. It appears that several things might influence taxpayer's behaviour and in Australia, the exchange indicator could be one of the important influences.     

An evaluation case: The implementation and evaluation of a problem-solving training program for adolescents

This study recounts the implementation and evaluation of a problem-solving skills training program for adolescents. Sixty-six students from the seventh, eighth, and ninth grades of a local junior high school were identified by guidance counselors as needing problem-solving training—48 male and 18 female students between the ages of 11 and 16. The hypothesis that students included in the training sessions would demonstrate better problem-solving skills, a more internal locus of control, and a higher level of self-esteem than control group students was tested via a pretest-posttest Control Group Design. The results of a stepwise discriminant analysis of the data supported the hypothesis. An analysis of grade level differences indicated that the program had less effect on the seventh-grade training group. Implications for program modification and the limitations of the evaluation findings are discussed.     

The impact of family planning programs on fertility in developing countries: A critical evaluation

Controversy surrounds the question: do organized family planning programs produce fertility decline in developing countries that is independent of other causes? Two major conclusions emerge from this critical evaluation of 26 past studies on this question. First, the disparate results are associated with the differential validity of the studies. Second, the fertility declines or variations analyzed were generated mainly be indigenous causes, that is, they would have occurred and the means for bringing them about would have been available without family planning programs. Hence, the programs had little net effect on fertility.     

Simple bounds on availability in a model with unknown life and repair distributions

We take a fresh look at the classic model of a device supported by a single statistically identical spare and provision for repairs, with system failure resulting whenever the currently operating unit fails before the repair of the previously failed unit is completed to allow it to become a spare. The limiting availability A(F,G) of this system depends on the life distribution F and repair time distribution G through α=∫GdF and the expected downtime. In this paper we derive several computable and sharp bounds on A(F,G) when F,G have suitable life distribution characteristics in the sense of reliability theory but are otherwise unknown except for at most two moments. Among other results, we find a sharp bound which involves the MTBF, MTTR and the second moment of the life-distribution of the device through its coefficient of variation. This leads to a maximin result for DFR repairs and DMRL lives.