Hunger and migration in a rural-traditional area in the nineteenth century

The factors that influenced migration decisions in a nineteenth century rural-traditional area of the Netherlands are assessed. This is done in a micro-setting. Applying a new data set with individual characteristics of both migrants and non-migrants a logit-model is estimated. The analysis supports the revisionist and relatively positive picture of the standard of living in pre-modern rural-traditional areas. Instead of hunger driving the masses away from these areas, it seems to have tied rationally acting people to a socio-economic system that contained buffer mechanisms to cope with short run stresses. Received: 28 April 1998/Received: 26 April 1999     

Where are the new fathers? German families with a non-traditional distribution of professional and family work

The concepts 'new fathers' and 'new men' reflect changed attitudes about gender roles today. However, at a behavioural level, the traditional division of labour in families has proved tenacious. Wage differences between the sexes are believed to be a main reason for this. This German pilot project examined the division of labour of couples, to pursue the question of what consequences a couple's relative earnings have for a cooperative role structure as well as for the transition to parenthood. Qualitative interviews were conducted with both partners in 25 couples in which the woman's earnings were as high as or higher than those of the man. The results show clear deviations from the 'standard model', thereby indicating the significant influence of earnings. Most couples divided parental leave so that neither partner had to drop out of employment for a long period of time. The egalitarian role distribution had a positive effect on the relationship between parents and on satisfaction with this relationship. RESUMEN Los conceptos de 'padre moderno' y 'hombre nuevo' reflejan actitudes cambiadas sobre papeles de los sexos hoy en día. No obstante, al nivel de comportamiento, la división tradicional de trabajo ha sido tenaz. Se cree que esto surge principalmente de diferencias de sueldos entre los sexos. Éste proyecto piloto alemán evaluó la división de trabajo entre parejas para averiguar las consecuencias de los ingresos relativos de una pareja en la estructura cooperativa de papeles de sexo, además de el la transición a ser padres. Se llevaron a cabo entrevistas cualitativas con ambos compañeros de 25 parejas donde los ingresos de las mujeres eran iguales o superior a los del hombre. Los resultados muestran desviaciones claras del 'modelo estándar' señalando la considerable influencia de los ingresos. La mayoría de parejas compartían la baja por paternidad/maternidad para que ninguna persona tuviera que abandonar su empleo durante mucho tiempo. La distribución igualitaria de papeles afectó positivamente a la relación entre los padres y a su satisfacción con la relación.     

The TTT transformation and a new bathtub distribution model

In this paper we use the total time on test transformation to establish a method for construction of parametric models of lifetime distributions having bathtub-shaped failure rate. We study a particular model which is simple compared to the other existing models. We derive expressions for moments and quantiles and treat estimation methods. Particularly, the maximum likelihood method is studied. Consistency proofs are given.     

36阶群的完全分类

证明了36阶群共有14种互不同构的类型,并得到了它们的全部构造.     

“1＋N”会计英语教学模式的创新与探索

根据经济发展和国际经济环境的变化,对会计人才培养的需求以及目前我国会计专业英语教学存在的问题进行了分析,提出了“1＋N”会计英语教学模式。对该模式的内涵、理论基础、教学方式以及配套措施分别进行阐述,通过教学模式的改革和创新促进会计专业英语教学的进步和发展。     

Kin availability and the living arrangements of older women

This paper models the distribution of older women across household types, taking account of variations in the availability of kin, as well as other explanatory variables such as income and race. Household types are distinguished by the presence or absence in the household of siblings, parents, children, or others, including unrelated individuals. A modified multinomial logit model is used to represent the simultaneous effects of kin availability and other variables on the probability of living in each household type. The results indicate that while income is related to the propensity to live alone, the relationship appears to operate solely through the effect of income upon the propensity to share a household with close relatives. Older black women are shown to be more likely to live in extended-family households, holding constant both income and the availability of kin.     

An evaluation of the Tokyo Round trade agreement using general equilibrium computational methods

An empirically based general equilibrium model involving the United States, Japan, the (nine-member) EEC, and a residual rest of the world is used to evaluate the Tokyo Round trade agreement negotiated under the GATT. Equilibria for post-Agreement policy regimes are computed and compared to a pre-Agreement equilibrium. Results indicate small aggregate welfare impacts but more significant terms of trade effects. Losses seem likely for Third World countries due to an adverse terms of trade change. Under some assumptions the changes in NTB codes produce more significant effects than the tariff cuts in the Agreement.     

从文化编码理论看“经”与“纬”的传统文化阐释

文化N级编码理论强调了实物材料的重要性,并将文化理解为一种生成性的叠加过程,这为传统文化的探究提供了重要启示。由于汉字显著的图画象形特质,在揭示传统文化和思维方面有着拼音文字所不具备的优势,从汉字入手,可以体察文化原初的意义,破解后代象征符号的文化基因。本文结合文化N级编码论对“经”与“纬”二字进行了文化阐释,“经”“纬”本是指织布机上的“纵线”和“横线”,但在历史演变过程中,二者被赋予了截然不同的文化含义,“纬”的义项在引申的深度和广度方面都大不如“经”,“经书”和“纬书”的历史地位也有很大差异。本文试图揭示这种文化差异产生的深层原因。     

The Likelihood Ratio Test for the Presence of Immunes in a Censored Sample

Models for populations with immune or cured individuals but with others subject to failure are important in many areas, such as medical statistics and criminology. One method of analysis of data from such populations involves estimating an immune proportion 1 ? p and the parameter(s) of a failure distribution for those individuals subject to failure. We use the exponential distribution with parameter λ for the latter and a mixture of this distribution with a mass 1 ? p at infinity to model the complete data. This paper develops the asymptotic theory of a test for whether an immune proportion is indeed present in the population, i.e., for H ₀:p = 1. This involves testing at the boundary of the parameter space for p. We use a likelihood ratio test for H ₀. and prove that minus twice the logarithm of the likelihood ratio has as an asymptotic distribution, not the chi-square distribution, but a 50–50 mixture of a chi-square distribution with 1 degree of freedom, and a point mass at 0. The result is proved under an independent censoring assumption with very mild restrictions.