FROM SHAME TO GAME IN ONE HUNDRED YEARS: AN ECONOMIC MODEL OF THE RISE IN PREMARITAL SEX AND ITS DE‐STIGMATIZATION

Societies socialize children about sex. This is done in the presence of peer‐group effects, which may encourage undesirable behavior. Parents want the best for their children. Still, they weigh the marginal gains from socializing their children against its costs. Churches and states may stigmatize sex, both because of a concern about the welfare of their flocks and the need to control the cost of charity associated with out‐of‐wedlock births. Modern contraceptives have profoundly affected the calculus for instilling sexual mores. As contraception improves there is less need for parents, churches, and states to inculcate sexual mores. Technology affects culture.     

Malthus in state space: Macro economic-demographic relations in English history, 1540 to 1870

. The history of preindustrial Europe provides an opportunity to examine the causes and consequences of population change at a macro level. However, serious statistical problems arise from the endogeneity of all observed variables in a Malthusian system (fertility, mortality, population size, and real wages), and from unobserved influences such as shifts in the demand for labor and variations in health. These problems have undermined both informal inference from the data and more complex econometric investigations. This paper takes a new statistical approach, finding the maximum likelihood estimate of a state space representation of the Malthusian system by repeated application of Kalman filter methods, using annual data from England, 1540 to 1870. The new estimates confirm some findings of the earlier literature and contradict others. Some variables are estimated for the first time. Implications are discussed for the interpretation of English economic-demographic history. Received: 3 January 2000/Accepted: 22 January 2001     

N_（1923）－TBP协同萃取铼（Ⅶ）的动力学研究

本文采用上升单液滴法研究了Ｎ１９２３－ＴＢＰ正已烷协同体系萃取ＲｅＯ－４（Ⅶ）的动力学机理，测定了不同萃取条件对萃取速率的影响，提出了速率方程，并对萃取反应机理进行了探讨     

Developments in and prospects for external debt position and burden of developing countries: The case of Korea

The delay of strong economic recovery by industrialized nations, slowed world export growth, and higher interest rates have worsened the financial situation of a number of developing countries which have relied on external borrowings to sustain current account deficits and protect economic development. Recently, well-publicized concerns over the ability to these countries to repay their considerable debt burden have been raised. To shed light on these concerns, the paper focuses on Korea—one of the heavier debt-holding countries. It describes the process through which Korea has acquired its external debt over the past decade, assesses the trends in its debt burden, and presents prospects for the period 1982–1986. Using the Korean experience, the paper shows that the most common indicators used for evaluating foreign debt burden, such as the long-term service ratio, need to be supplemented by other measurements. In a world economy characterized by short-term debts with variable interest rates, the paper suggests that an important tool in analyzing the external debt burden should be the short-term debt burden.     

A HISTORY OF VIOLENCE: THE CULTURE OF HONOR AND HOMICIDE IN THE US SOUTH

The paper tests the popular hypothesis that the high prevalence of homicide in the South of the United States originates from the settlement by herders from the fringes of Britain in the 18th century. I find that historical Scots‐Irish presence is associated with higher contemporary homicide, particularly by white offenders, and that a culture of violence was transmitted to subsequent generations—but only in the South and, more generally, where historical institutional quality was low. The interpretation is that the Scots‐Irish culture of honor prevailed and persisted as an adaptive behavior to weak institutions. As institutional quality converged between the South and North over the last 200 years, the influence of the culture of honor has been fading over time. The results are robust to controlling for state fixed effects and for a large number of historical and contemporary factors, as well as to relying on instrumental variables for historical settlements. The results are also specific to a particular type of homicide and background of settlers.     

δ15N examination of the Lindeman-Hutchinson-Peters theory of increasin omnivory with trophic height in aquatic foodwebs

The advent of stable nitrogen isotope analysis in ecological research has at last enabled precise identification of trophic position and omnivory due to the differential enrichment of¹⁵N over¹⁴N with progressive assimilation up the foodweb. I compiled literature data on δ¹⁵N values in freshwater and marine foodwebs to search for qeneral patterns in omnivory, specifically the supposition originally proposed by Lindeman (1942) and most recently advanced by Peters (1977), that omnivory should increase with trophic height or position. Omnivory, measured as average intraspecific variability in δ¹⁵N, was indeed found to increase with trophic height, such that species at the top of foodwebs were comprised of animals relying, on average, on energy originating from a mixture of different trophic categories.     

析"N是N"结构

单用的名词同语式"N是N"根据内在结构的不同,我们把它分为两类:主谓结构的名词同语式和紧缩结构的名词同语式.前者表达一种分辨性肯定,后者表达一种礼貌性肯定.两者的字面信息都不够,听者必须联系语境,调用社会知识,通过推理,才能解出说话者所要传达的信息.     

Nonparametric function estimation from inversely sampled record-breaking data

Often, in industrial stress testing, meteorological data analysis, and other similar situations, measurements may be made sequentially and only values smaller than all previous ones are recorded. When the number of records is fixed in advance, the data are referred to as inversely sampled record-breaking data. This paper is concerned with nonparametric estimation of the distribution and density functions from such data (successive minima). For a single record-breaking sample, consistent estimation is not possible except in the extreme left tail of the distribution. Hence, replication is required, and for m such independent record-breaking samples, the estimators are shown to be strongly consistent and asymptotically normal as m ∞ →. Computer simulations are used to investigate the effect of the bandwidth on the mean squared errors and biases of the smooth estimators, and are also used to provide a comparison of their performance with the analogous estimators obtained under random sampling for record values.     

基于改进EMD 的地震信号去噪

压制随机噪声是地震数据处理过程中的一个重要环节,目前大多数去噪技术都不同程度存在去噪效果差、易损伤有效信号等问题。利用经验模态分解可将信号自适应地分解为不同特征尺度固有模态函数的优点,及小波变换模极大值滤波方法对噪声的依赖性较小且适合于低信噪比信号去噪的优势,构造了一种经验模态分解与小波变换模极大值相结合的新的去噪算法,该算法很好地实现了地震有效信号与随机噪声的分离,有效提高了地震数据信噪比。将该算法应用于仿真实验和实际地震数据处理,结果都表明该方法明显优于常规经验模态分解去噪效果。     

不同维度空间推理下 ERP 对比研究

借助立体图形,将英文字母与心理旋转相结合,探讨在二维和三维空间条件下,演绎推理之间的脑电差异。结果发现,在结论判断中;三维空间条件需要更多的认知资源,并且在推理加工中具有左脑优势。