The perception of crime and punishment: A multidimensional scaling analysis

Two studies were conducted to determine (a) the degree to which seriousness is an underlying dimension in the perception of crimes, (b) the relationship of seriousness and other perceived properties of crimes with punishments prescribed by law and punishments assigned by subjects themselves, and (c) the relationship between personality variables and both the salience of perceptual dimensions and the severity of punishments assigned. Similarity judgments for two sets of crimes were multidimensionally scaled and in both cases the four-dimensional solutions were optimal. None of the dimensions was highly associated with judged seriousness. As in previous investigations, seriousness was only moderately related to punishments prescribed by law. However, certain other perceptual dimensions were found to be associated with legally prescribed punishments, although these were not the same dimensions which were aligned with the severity of punishments called for by the subjects. Authoritarianism and Locus of Control were significantly related to the salience of perceptual dimensions for one of the two sets of crimes. High Authoritarians called for more severe punishments to be levied for crimes on three of the dimensions in one set, but assigned significantly longer sentences than other subjects only for capital offenses.     

Frantz Fanon,poet: pleasure of the text,power of the text

ABSTRACT

Frantz Fanon’s writing represents a productive embrace of the political and the poetic. His ideas have had such a long afterlife, they live on in us, I submit, precisely because the language of their articulation, image-filled and rhythmic, is compelling. This article examines three elements of Fanonian poetics in Black Skin, White Masks: the use of metaphor and, in “By Way of Conclusion,” an ambiguous/multiple “I” as persona, and, finally, what Brent Edwards has called “anaphoric poetics,” the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of successive phrases.     

论美国当代最杰出的格律诗人——里查·维尔伯

这是国内首次以论文的形式向中国读者介绍美国当代诗人里查·维尔伯。本文从历史的角度, 对美国诗歌中格律的回归进行了分析, 并探讨了在这一趋势中居于首要地位的诗人维尔伯的诗歌艺术特征。文章还针对他与弗洛斯特的关系, 讨论了这两位不同时代的大诗人之间的异同之处。     

The bothersome details of the world: Richard Byrd,Little America,and the problem of retreat

Abstract

In 1934, Admiral Richard E. Byrd retreated from his crew at the remote Little America encampment in Antarctica to an even more isolated setting: a small underground shack on ‘the dark immensity of the Ross Ice Barrier, on a line between Little America and the South Pole’. Byrd remained there in solitude for a little over four months and later wrote about his ordeal in Alone. This essay considers Byrd’s account alongside his earlier Antarctic writings in order to ask what they reveal about the difficulties of retreating and maintaining critical distance from ‘civilisation’.     

文学与城市的双向构建——评《文学中的城市》

理查德·利罕在《文学中的城市》中提出的研究范式有别于传统的城市文学研究,后者侧重的是反映论,而前者侧重的是再现论,其既关注城市的发展变迁对文学文类、叙事和修辞等方面的影响,也关注文学对城市的想象性构建。这一视角更适合于去阐释城市和文学的复杂性关联,对目前的城市文学研究有诸多的启发性意义。     

作为文化研究真正开端的《识字的用途》

有感于自己所熟悉的工人阶级文化因美式文化的侵蚀而堕落腐败,出生工人阶级家庭的霍加特在1957年写作了《识字的用途》,希望以此来唤醒当时的工人阶级重回＂最美好的时代＂。他充分利用自己青少年时代的美好回忆,生动逼真地还原了那一时期工人阶级的生活和文化氛围,让人们再次感受到英国工人阶级文化的内在生机,同时在一个号称＂无阶级＂的社会中,为工人阶级找到了自身的存在感。由于种种原因,该书的研究价值被大多数学者忽略了,但它对早期的大众文化研究产生了积极的影响,构成了文化研究的真正开端。     

Individualization and Prevention

SUMMARY

In 1905, Massachusetts General Hospital initiated the first medical social work program in the United States. Based on the writings of its leaders, this paper presents the early history of medical social work in the United States. Inspired by developments in European health care that emphasized the community context of disease, medical social work pioneers saw a need to individualize the patient while also promoting public health measures in the community, improving the patient's environment to eliminate the causes of disease. In addition, since they served patients because of their diseases rather than their poverty, medical social workers were among the first to provide social work services to the non-poor. In spite of their emphasis on environmental change, many of early medical social work leaders had an anti-institutional bias; they were suspicious of large-scale solutions for what they saw as fundamentally individual problems. Consequently, methods for promoting individual adaptation developed more rapidly than methods for promoting environmental change. Ironically, the medicalization of social problems in contemporary times has resulted in a focus on individual pathology rather than social and lifestyle causation in health, even as the rising cost and complexity of the system challenges health care consumers in the United States. Reaffirming the environmental emphasis of medical social work pioneers provides a way for today's health care social workers to incorporate environmental modification into their practice and promote the health of all citizens.     

向自然寻求救赎——评理查德·杰弗里斯的《捡橡果的孩子》

理查德·杰弗里斯是英国著名的自然派作家,其散文名篇《捡橡果的孩子》以客观、真实的笔调描绘了一个乡村小男孩的悲剧一生。杰弗里斯同情小男孩不幸身世的同时,揭露了转型期的英国社会中人性和人际关系异化,同时表达了向自然回归和重建和谐健康人际关系的深层意蕴。     

Consumer survey as needs assessment method: a case study

Needs assessment methodology has grown remarkably as a necessary part of evaluating human service programs. The consumer survey method of needs assessment is reviewed. A case study in which the training needs of board members of the eleven community mental health agencies in a rural New England state were examined by a questionnaire requesting ratings of the importance and priority of 11 possible topics is presented. Sixty-five of 300 questionnaires were returned (21.66%). The results clearly support the view that training programs for boards are needed, and suggest that citizens can make reasonable decisions about program content if given the opportunity. A training project, based on the results of the survey is described. Problems in designing and implementing consumer surveys and training programs are discussed.     

心灵的漂泊者--凯瑟琳·林姆短篇小说《旅程》解读

凯瑟琳·林姆以意识流的表现手法,清理出理查德人生旅程中与自己密切相关的三个女人的生活,解答出现代都市人心灵空虚和孤独的缘由:对金钱和物欲的极度追求而丧失了人性的关爱,最终沦为人生旅程永远的漂泊者.