论"合会"的信任机制

作为国家正规金融组织之外的民间非正规金融互助组织——"合会",在乡土社会中发挥了重要的经济和社会功能。尽管缺乏国家正规金融制度的外在监控,但由于其成员结构不仅蕴含着亲缘性利他的社会生物学基础,而且,乡土社会所具有的"熟人社会"和"不流动性"的结构特征与传统社会的价值观等多位一体,构成了坚实的特殊信任,形成了具有本土化特色的信任文化。     

新农村建设：解放农村生产力的又一次伟大革命

“生产发展、生活宽裕、乡风文明、村容整洁、管理民主”是新农村建设的基本概念,也是总的要求。要建设社会主义新农村：一要以提高农民收入为中心,抓好交通、通讯建设和农村教育及医疗事业,大力推进农村工业化、城镇化、集约化进程;二要加大国家财政对农业的转移支付水平,增强反哺力度;三要提高各级政府对新农村建设的责任意识,并激发农民的主人翁意识,自力更生和艰苦奋斗精神,建设自己的美好家园。     

重塑农村基层组织的治理责任——理解税费改革后乡村治理困境的一个框架

从农村调研的情况来看,近年乡村出现新一轮的治理困境,主要根源于国家通过税费改革及配套改革脱卸了农村基层组织的治理责任。治理责任是指农村基层组织凝聚、配置资源进行乡村治理的动力、意愿和职责。在国家集中了绝大部分政治、经济与合法性资源,以及乡村治权具有配置性特点的条件下,国家下达至农村基层组织的治理任务就十分关键,有上级的治理压力就有农村基层组织的治理责任,它就能配置资源形成乡村治权,进行乡村治理。而没有国家的治理任务,农村基层组织就不会主动进行乡村治理。因此,为了扭转乡村治理困局,国家应该重塑农村基层组织的治理责任。     

场域关联、差序嵌入与信任结构的再生产——基于华北一所科技小院的经验研究

文章试图通过分析外源型农技推广组织与农村社区长达10年互动的社会过程来呈现非先赋性信任再生产的逻辑。分析发现,外源型农技推广组织实现由外而内并不是从“外人”变为“自己人”的线性嵌入,而是在“深嵌则依附”与“浅嵌则独立”之间寻找契洽共存的身份认同与行动空间的过程。虽然外源组织囿于乡土社会中内外有别、关系本位的特性,但是其反以“关系”为策略,基于“利益”与“情感”两个维度在场域关联的空间中差序性嵌入,通过高频的人情交往和利益交换在核心家族和区位格局的次级群体上建立自身的核心圈和亲近层,借助增产增量建立组织声誉来扩散村庄整体的互惠网络,将小院院所开放成半公共空间以生产着“生-熟”的信任格局,采取差序分利和模糊雇工来平衡环境依赖和组织独立,以实现从客人到帮手、从帮手到伙伴的身份转变,最终建立组织的合法性身份与行动的合情性空间,在“能否行动”的基础上推动“行动顺畅”成为可能。这种“伙伴”身份的建立过程也再生产着具有伦理性质的信任关系,此类非先赋性的多主体、多维度、层层推进的信任结构,是外源组织嵌入乡土但是不囿于乡土的切实选择。基于此,文章认为,外源组织由外而内的实现不只是一种嵌入过程,更是一种总体性信任结构的生产过程。     

农村留守妇女性别平等意识研究——基于常德市安乡县实地调研的经验分析

通过调查问卷和入户访谈的方法,对湖南省常德市安乡县4村100名留守妇女进行实地调研,从留守妇女对社会地位、劳动分工、家内事务和两性性别角色的认知四方面可以看出,新时代农村留守妇女的性别平等意识呈现出有所觉醒却依旧保守的特点。造成这一现象的主要原因是经济发展落后且结构单一、基层行政主体的性别平等意识欠缺、传统性别观念根深蒂固及农村留守妇女自身局限等。只有立足于农村留守妇女的现实境况,建立针对性强的就业保障体系,增强公共政策与管理中的社会性别意识,注重性别平等的文化教育,调动妇女们的主体积极性,使她们从意识层面摆脱传统观念的束缚,才能提高社会生产力,从而推动农村经济和整个社会的和谐与发展。     

中国农村社会学研究现状与前景展望——“第七届农村社会学论坛”观点综述

“第七届农村社会学论坛”于2016年5月21－22日在西北农林科技大学成功举办。这次论坛主要围绕现代乡村文化建设与公共空间重建、乡村的现代命运及其未来发展趋势、国家治理下的基层社会治理困境与逻辑、农村公共事务治理及社区发展转型、农村社会发展和社会治理等议题展开讨论交流。     

城乡统筹发展机理及其战略选择

城乡统筹意味着投资于工业和农业的相同资源所得到的收益之间无显著差异.一个关于投资决策的规划模型显示出:城乡协同发展的条件由市场交易价格、工业产品和农业产品的劳动生产率、工业产品和农业产品生产的投资水平、不同产品生产的专业化程度等参数共同进行刻画和描述,并由此揭示出城乡统筹发展的战略选择.     

Subjective Versus Objective Definitions of Homelessness: Are there Differences in Risk Factors among Heavy-Drinking Women?

Investigations with homeless populations have focused on those living on the streets or in shelters; few have examined phenomena based on respondents’ self-definitions as homeless or not. This investigation examined similarities and differences among risk factors (including mental health, substance abuse, religion/spirituality, social support, and risky sexual behaviors) using two definitions of homelessness: one where place of residence defined individuals as homeless (the ‘objective’ or traditional, definition) and another where respondents defined themselves as homeless (the ‘subjective’ definition). Data come from the baseline survey of the NIAAA-funded “Sister-to-Sister” study (n = 339) of heavy-drinking women. Subjectively defined homelessness was associated with higher rates of mental health and substance use disorders, lower rates of condom use, higher rates of trading sex for food, and less social support. Objectively defined homelessness was associated with higher rates of drinking in abandoned buildings, on the streets, and in public restrooms, more new sexual partners, and higher rates of trading sex for heroin and speedballs. Investigations failing to ask for subjective information may misattribute some factors to homelessness which may overestimate the effect of various factors on homelessness. Investigators should ask respondents to define their homelessness, or they lose an important dimension of the concept of homelessness.

Revisiting the model of creative destruction: St. Jacobs,Ontario, a decade later

Ten years ago, the model of creative destruction was developed to predict the fate of communities that base their development on the commodification of rural heritage (Mitchell, C.J.A., 1998. Entrepreneurialism, commodification and creative destruction: a model of post-modern community development. Journal of Rural Studies 14, 273–286). Its application to the village of St. Jacobs, Canada, demonstrated that entrepreneurial investment had fostered the creation of a setting for aestheticized consumption. In this paper we demonstrate that creative destruction has continued to unfold in the village over the course of the past decade. The evolutionary path taken is assessed in light of current literature on rural space. It is concluded that to fully understand the transformative process, one must integrate the demands of myriad sub-cultures, whose social relations, ideologies and actions will contribute to the development of a contested landscape of consumption. This finding necessitates that modifications be made to the model and its various stages. The most significant is recognition that the “heritage-scape” is an interim state of landscape change; one that displaces the productivist landscape of the industrial period, and precedes the creation of the “neo-productivist” leisure-scape of post-industrialism. Whether or not such a “final” state is achieved is dictated by the power struggle that inevitably arises amongst sub-cultures engaged in the transformation of rural space.     

Influence of urban landscape structure on bird fauna: a case study across seasons in the city of Valencia (Spain)

Studies on bird fauna of urban environments have had a long history, but the potential of studies mapping the distribution of birds in cities probably has not fully developed. The bird fauna of the municipality of Valencia (Spain) was studied to determine the influence of urbanization on bird species richness and abundance. Birds were censused during winter and the breeding season of years 1997–1998 in 197 squares measuring 49 ha each from a rural and an urbanized area. Across seasons the number of species decreased around 40% in the city compared with the rural landscape surrounding it. Such pattern could be attributed to the low number of farmland species capable to use the habitats inside the city, and the limited ability of urban parks in attracting woodland species. In the urban landscape, the influence of the dimensions and spatial arrangement of habitat patches was outweighed by the amount of each habitat per square. Bird richness and the abundance of most species were negatively related with the amount of built-up habitat per square and positively with the amount of urban parks, and of habitat diversity. Conversely, bird fauna was largely independent of mean park size per square especially during winter, indicating that at the landscape scale even small patches of habitat could play an ecological role. Conservation of urban bird diversity could benefit of two complementary strategies: (i) the protection of the surrounding rural landscape from urban development; (ii) habitat enhancement within the city. Particularly, a proper design and habitat management of urban parks could improve their suitability for urban bird fauna.