中苏论战与马克思主义中国化“第二次结合”的中断

中苏论战期间马克思主义中国化进程中的"第二次结合",既是"第一次飞跃"的延伸,又是"第二次飞跃"的准备或酝酿。中苏论战的影响启动了马克思主义中国化进程中"第二次结合"的步伐,但在论战过程中独立自主原则被异化,论战使纠正"左"倾错误的努力成为枉然,论战也使对中国社会主义建设道路的探索走上歧途,中断了马克思主义中国化"第二次结合"的进程。     

二战后英国移民生活状态探析

二战后的英国对世界其他国家仍有很大吸引力,每年都有大量移民进入英国。英国的移民政策也时松时紧。不同时代的移民都面临着身份以及如何享有社会公共资源的问题。老一辈移民和新一代移民由于成长环境、历史记忆的不同做出了不同的选择。     

The performance of subset response surface designs for estimating third order terms

Response surface designs are widely used in industries like chemicals, foods, pharmaceuticals, bioprocessing, agrochemicals, biology, biomedicine, agriculture and medicine. One of the major objectives of these designs is to study the functional relationship between one or more responses and a number of quantitative input factors. However, biological materials have more run to run variation than in many other experiments, leading to the conclusion that smaller response surface designs are inappropriate. Thus designs to be used in these research areas should have greater replication. Gilmour (2006) introduced a wide class of designs called “subset designs” which are useful in situations in which run to run variation is high. These designs allow the experimenter to fit the second order response surface model. However, there are situations in which the second order model representation proves to be inadequate and unrealistic due to the presence of lack of fit caused by third or higher order terms in the true response surface model. In such situations it becomes necessary for the experimenter to estimate these higher order terms. In this study, the properties of subset designs, in the context of the third order response surface model, are explored.     

Second and third party punishment under costly monitoring

In a laboratory experiment we study how costly punishment behavior of second and third parties in a social dilemma situation is affected by monitoring costs. Subjects have to pay a fee over and above punishment costs if they wish to condition punishments on previous play, which is equivalent to a binary choice between the acquisition of perfect information on the target subject’s behavior and no information at all. When monitoring is costly both second and third party punishment is weaker and less discriminate and hence generates weaker incentives for cooperation than when monitoring is free. There are subtle differences between second and third parties: The presence of monitoring costs leads subjects to withhold sanctioning more often as second parties than as third parties, and to punish indiscriminately more often as third parties than as second parties. The results contribute to the understanding of peer-enforcement of cooperation in social dilemmas and whether there is a common motivational structure underpinning second and third party punishment.     

The Nazi rag-pickers and their wine: the politics of waste and recycling in Nazi Germany

This article offers a first attempt to examine systematically the politics of waste and recycling in the Third Reich, one of the first modern states to articulate ‘zero waste’ as a political goal. It presupposes that waste, both in its material realities and its everyday representations, offers a powerful guide to any society's implicit order. With respect to Nazi Germany, the suggestion that such presumably neutral materials as trash, waste and garbage order social relations has particularly sinister implications. Focusing on scrap collectors and salvaging practices inside Germany and in Nazi-occupied Europe, this article argues that waste management and recycling were integral to the Nazi racial order and crystallized as central strategies to administer the chaos of war. Hundreds of thousands of volunteers in party, industry and society performed their loyalty and re-imposed order by collecting paper, bottles, metal scrap, kitchen garbage, rags and bones with the explicit goal of closing the energy cycle, extending the Reich's resource base and increasing the regime's war-making capabilities. In pursuit of these goals, the Nazi state attempted not only to conquer its many enemies but also to erase the evidence of its own proliferating military setbacks. These efforts notwithstanding, the reclamation of waste did not have the power to reverse the fortunes of war. The Nazi politics of zero waste recycled chaos instead.     

超语言学理论观照下的外语教学反思

超语言学理论是巴赫金语言观的核心内容,其精髓又是话语理论。文章回顾和反思了巴赫金的语言学思想,主要从话语体裁、二语的诗学功能以及二语的社会认知等三方面探讨了他的超语言学理论对二语习得研究的理论意义,并进一步揭示了该理论对构建我国具有本土特色的外语教学模式的启示作用。认为我国的外语教学应立足于传统文化,引入多种体裁,重视学习者的二语创造性,并最终实现外语学习的有效机制。     

论奕訢的外交思想

奕对近代外交做过一些开创性的实绩 ,但他的意识却未能突破古代“夷夏大防” ,以及在“战抚”之间、“臣夷”与“羁縻”之间选择的思想体系。他的行为与思想之间存在着较大的差距 ,是中国近代外交的不自觉的开创者。     

法国第二帝国时期农业发展的特点与原因

法国第二帝国时期工商业迅速发展,农业也取得了显著进步,被人们称之为“农业的黄金时节”。农业生产力的提高,农业生产专业化与农业机械化的启动是这一时期法国农业发展的特点,较长时间国内政治安定环境,工业化的推进特别是交通运输网的发展以及拿破仑三世重视农业,实行一系列发展农业的着力措施是这一时期农业发展的原因。     

从《张家山汉墓竹简·二年律令》看两种货币与汉初社会

关于秦汉间的货币,《史记·平准书》、《汉书·食货志》、《通志·食货略》、《文献通考·钱币一》、《钱币考》等,皆沿袭类似的材料,汉初社会的货币情形俱未得到清晰的记述。张家山汉简的发现,为这个问题的解决提供了转机。本文结合《二年律令》具体探讨当时的货币情形与折射出来的社会状况。汉初社会有两种货币,即黄金和铜钱。通过对它们的使用和功能的分析,折射出当时经济萧条、通货紧张、伪钱盛行、物贵钱轻、重金贱钱、敛金风起的社会现象。这种研究有助于更准确地了解汉初二十年的货币和社会状况。     

从《中立法》到《租借法》——二战时期美国军火贸易政策探析

20世纪30年代的美国中立法和40年代的租借法是美国的战时外交政策,同时也是关国的战时军火贸易政策.在中立法和租借法的政策框架下,美国的战时军火贸易取得了巨大的成功,美国逐渐发展成为全球军火生产和军火贸易的头号大国.