Assessing Potential Human Health Hazards and Benefits from Subtherapeutic Antibiotics in the United States: Tetracyclines as a Case Study

Many scientists, activists, regulators, and politicians have expressed urgent concern that using antibiotics in food animals selects for resistant strains of bacteria that harm human health and bring nearer a “postantibiotic era” of multidrug resistant “super‐bugs.” Proposed political solutions, such as the Preservation of Antibiotics for Medical Treatment Act (PAMTA), would ban entire classes of subtherapeutic antibiotics (STAs) now used for disease prevention and growth promotion in food animals. The proposed bans are not driven by formal quantitative risk assessment (QRA), but by a perceived need for immediate action to prevent potential catastrophe. Similar fears led to STA phase‐outs in Europe a decade ago. However, QRA and empirical data indicate that continued use of STAs in the United States has not harmed human health, and bans in Europe have not helped human health. The fears motivating PAMTA contrast with QRA estimates of vanishingly small risks. As a case study, examining specific tetracycline uses and resistance patterns suggests that there is no significant human health hazard from continued use of tetracycline in food animals. Simple hypothetical calculations suggest an unobservably small risk (between 0 and 1.75E‐11 excess lifetime risk of a tetracycline‐resistant infection), based on the long history of tetracycline use in the United States without resistance‐related treatment failures. QRAs for other STA uses in food animals also find that human health risks are vanishingly small. Whether such QRA calculations will guide risk management policy for animal antibiotics in the United States remains to be seen.     

Utilizing Third-Party Inspections for Preventing Major Chemical Accidents

This paper proposes using certified third parties, coupled with Model Risk Management Programs (Model RMPs), to implement EPA's Proposed Rule on the prevention of chemical accidental releases. We concentrate on the insurance aspects of this third-party approach and show that it could enable insurers to more cost-effectively provide coverage against the risks of chemical accidental releases. The third-party approach may also signal the facility's safety and reduce the enforcement costs of regulations.     

中国证券金融公司：理论依据、角色定位与治理结构

现代证券市场制度效率理论表明,证券金融公司的成立是促进我国融资融券业务发展的客观需要和必然选择,这决定了中国证券金融公司作为转融通的业务主体以及融资融券市场组织者、建设者和推动者这一双重角色。通过考察日本证券金融公司的主要做法,我们认为其成功经验为中国证券金融公司提供了有益的借鉴,也即：在组织架构和治理结构上,建议设立资金证券部、借贷交易部和托管与结算部等类似的业务部门,并增设＂研究部＂之类的专业研究部门,以充分发挥中国证券金融公司市场组织者、建设者和推动者的功能;在风险管理上,建议运用统一的量化风险管理模型来度量信用风险、市场风险、流动性风险、操作风险和技术风险,并采用分散控制和集中管理的方法,尽可能降低和控制中国证券金融公司面临的各种风险。     

The McKinney-Vento Act Implementation Scale: A second validation study

The McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act (MVA) is the major federal policy that addresses homelessness. It upholds the right to equal education for homeless children by reducing barriers to school enrollment. Despite its importance, empirical studies examining perceived MVA implementation are scant, with only one instrument, the McKinney-Vento Act Implementation Scale (MVAIS), found to be a valid and reliable measure. The initial MVAIS validation study found that a three-factor structure of perceived preparation, accessibility, and collaboration addressed implementation perceptions with high reliability. This study aims to confirm the factor structure proposed in the initial study and examine the reliability of the MVA and its subscales. A sample of school social workers (N = 228) was obtained to revalidate the MVAIS. The findings from this study provide further evidence of a valid and reliable three-factor structure for the MVAIS. Future implications for this instrument and its utility for knowledge of homelessness are discussed.     

构建我国财产申报制度中的受理机关之选择

在构建我国财产申报制度的过程中,针对哪个机关适宜成为我国财产申报制度的受理机关的问题,结合我国的国情,认为人大常委会、党的纪检机关和人民法院不适宜成为受理机关,而检察机关、监察机关或预防腐败机关适宜成为受理机关的选项,决策部门可以从三者之中选择其一作为受理机关。为了加强党对财产申报工作的领导,加大财产申报工作的开展力度,建议实行财产申报的＂垂直受理＂制度。     

《萨班斯法案》对美国公司董事会影响的分析

2002年度美国出台的《萨班斯法案》全方位地对安然等事件暴露出来的问题作出相应的调整性规定,必将对公司治理产生深切的影响。《萨班斯法案》对审计委员会提出了修正性和提高性要求,本文选择外部董事、女性董事、财务专家、CEO兼任董事会主席、CEO在提名委员会任职等指标进行分析。实证分析结果说明：《萨班斯法案》有效消除了董事会和管理层任人唯亲的现象,董事会的独立性和专业性均有所提高。其实,《萨班斯法案》颁布之前就有加强公司治理的要求,公司治理就有改进的趋势,但《萨班斯法案》关于审计委员会方面的明文规定加速了公司董事会的变化,使得公司治理改革超越了法律的既定要求。     

言语行为理论视阈下的人物对话翻译

人物对话作为文学作品的重要组成部分,是作家为了表达人物心理意图,塑造人物个性形象,引出行为动作,开展故事情节而刻意安排的。人物对话翻译的好坏直接影响到文学作品的整体翻译。言语行为理论为理解并翻译人物对话提供了很好的视角,译者通过分析言内行为、言外行为和言后行为之间的关系使人物对话翻译更加准确生动。     

公众公司会计改革与投资者保护法案及其启示

文章介绍了美国<萨班尼斯-奥克斯雷法案>(即<公众公司会计改革与投资者保护法案>)制订的具体过程,并讨论了该法案的内容、结构及影响.在此基础上,作者认为,这一法案的出台,更多地是美国特定政治制度的产物;正确认识、把握该法案,有助于理性地看待发生在我国资本市场的相关事件以及相应的对策.     

我国发展贷款证券化业务的若干法律思考

结合我国金融立法的最新动态,讨论了贷款证券化的实际运作及其法律保障机制的历史发展、开展贷款证券化业务的法律意义与经济功能所在、贷款证券化业务所涉及的各方权利义务关系和主要法律问题、以及发展我国贷款证券化业务的若干建议。     

言语行为理论在翻译中运用的意义

为达到更加准确地在目的语中反映出源语文本的意图,本文借助言语行为理论研究成果探讨翻译过程中文本外因素对文本理解、解释的制约作用。文本是一个由一系列言语行为(涉及主题性、功能性和语用性)组成的有机结合体。译者的任务就是把源语言文本最优化地译入目的语,确保翻译的语用等效性。