“典型语义悖论”及其单义句预设

所谓“典型语义悖论”均源于一个虚假的预设,那就是相应的悖论性语句具有一个明确的含义。只要证伪其单义句预设,此类悖论即可消解。     

略论创新与逻辑

中国实施以创新为灵魂的科教兴国战略,还要请进"罗先生"(Logic)和"费先生"(Philosophy)。逻辑是科学理论对错的裁判,哲学是科学理论创新的教练。逻辑是思维对"质"的分辨,应重视逻辑学。逻辑学创新的若干成果:只要把矛盾律理解成思维的规则,就可认定理发师悖论、罗素悖论等一批悖论都是矛盾谬论。只要严格区分思维层次,可对排中律做出创新的解释,断定欧布里德悖论是佯悖,还可简化哥德尔定理的证明。用逻辑分析出天文学中的哈勃定律意味着宇宙间存在万有斥力,它与牛顿的万有引力定律相互矛盾。当前,科学创新(不包括技术创新)既缺乏市场的激励机制,更缺乏评价的法律制度,创新者没有平等的对话和申辩的权利。应改变"运动员"当"裁判"的局面,建立保护科学发现发明的法律制度。     

非特设性——情境语义学解悖方案的重要特征

非特设性是衡量一个解悖方案是否成功的重要标志.但以往许多著名的解悖方案,包括罗素的类型论方案、塔尔斯基的语言层次理论、克里普克的真值间隙论方案,都因没有合理地解决非特设性问题而无法给出悖论问题的合理解释.美国著名逻辑学家巴威斯和艾切曼迪1987年提出的情境语义学解悖方案,则完全避免了特设性的不足,最终实现了说谎者悖论的合理解决,被看作成功地解决悖论问题的典范.     

人权是把"多刃剑"--论人权的内在悖论及其被西方列强利用

西方人权论强调人权的天赋性,结果在一系列人权问题上陷入了混乱.马克思主义人权观的方法论基石,就是坚持从其经济基础来说明作为观念的、政治的或上层建筑的人权.人权只要脱离其经济基础,就会被任意"翻弄".事实上,国内外敌对势力正是利用人权悖论来反对社会主义的.     

道的悖论

“道”是道家思想乃至中国思想的根本问题,尽管它始终激起人们对它的沉思,但它自身却仍然保持谜一般的特性。这在于道在根本上是一个悖论。老子揭示了道的悖论的三个方面:其一,道自身是有无的生成;其二,无道是自相矛盾的,并因此是自身消解的;其三,道与无道构成了真与假的对立和斗争。但老子之道只是自然之道,而不是语言之道,因此它不能让道作为自身显现出来。现代思想的任务是将道带向语言     

A Smooth Model of Decision Making under Ambiguity

We propose and characterize a model of preferences over acts such that the decision maker prefers act f to act g if and only if 𝔼_μφ(𝔼_πu○f) 𝔼_μφ(𝔼_πu○g), where 𝔼 is the expectation operator, u is a von Neumann–Morgenstern utility function, φis an increasing transformation, and μis a subjective probability over the set Πof probability measures πthat the decision maker thinks are relevant given his subjective information. A key feature of our model is that it achieves a separation between ambiguity, identified as a characteristic of the decision maker's subjective beliefs, and ambiguity attitude, a characteristic of the decision maker's tastes. We show that attitudes toward pure risk are characterized by the shape of u, as usual, while attitudes toward ambiguity are characterized by the shape of φ. Ambiguity itself is defined behaviorally and is shown to be characterized by properties of the subjective set of measures Π. One advantage of this model is that the well‐developed machinery for dealing with risk attitudes can be applied as well to ambiguity attitudes. The model is also distinct from many in the literature on ambiguity in that it allows smooth, rather than kinked, indifference curves. This leads to different behavior and improved tractability, while still sharing the main features (e.g., Ellsberg's paradox). The maxmin expected utility model (e.g., Gilboa and Schmeidler (1989)) with a given set of measures may be seen as a limiting case of our model with infinite ambiguity aversion. Two illustrative portfolio choice examples are offered.     

说谎者悖论的语言分析之路:与其他4条路径的比较

通过和其他4条主要解决路径的对比,来确立说谎者悖论的非良基语义指称解决路径的恰当性.以对这5条路径的诊治状况的初步比较为背景,呼吁回到语言分析来理解说谎者句子.一方面从创造语言新规则的两条规则的角度,另一方面从对于两个重要的语言现象以及更多的悖论的解释力的角度,对这5条路径的表现做了对比,从而确立非良基语义指称解决路径对于说谎者句子的解决优势.     

Experience Simpson's Paradox in the Classroom

Simpson's paradox is a challenging topic to teach in an introductory statistics course. To motivate students to understand this paradox both intuitively and statistically, this article introduces several new ways to teach Simpson's paradox. We design a paper toss activity between instructors and students in class to engage students in the learning process. We show that Simpson's paradox widely exists in basketball statistics, and thus instructors may consider looking for Simpson's paradox in their own school basketball teams as examples to motivate students’ interest. A new probabilistic explanation of Simpson's paradox is provided, which helps foster students’ statistical understanding. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.     

第一次数学危机及其意义探析

2的出现动摇了毕达哥拉斯的＂数本论＂的信念根基,导致了数学史上第一次危机。第一次数学危机的本质在于悖论及其内含的无限性概念。第一次数学危机带来了希腊数学界的极大混乱,但危机的解决带来了数学公理化体系和逻辑学的发展。     

西方现代产权学派企业边界的悖论

企业诞生伊始,其边界和规模的扩张便一天也没有停止过。西方现代产权学派界定企业边界的努力却引致相反的结果,企业的边界陷于模糊和不可知的泥沼。企业边界悖论形成的原因主要有三点:企业、市场互为参照这种单一维度的选择;夸大交易成本的作用;对企业产权以及效率概念的狭隘理解。对此悖论的克服,马克思唯物史观的分析范式具有重要理论参考价值。马克思的企业边界理论实则囊括了人的因素和物的因素在内,并合理建立了一个矛盾体系并以此确定企业边界。企业在发展中,不仅进行着规模上的量变,更有质的不断飞跃的双重性。在马克思的理论框架中,企业边界决定的悖论并不存在。