动机研究的历史演变

心理学中的动机研究以20世纪60年代为界可分为两个时期，之前主要以行为主义和精神分析理论为主导，强调本能、冲动、驱力、体内平衡等生物性的因素在决定人的动机和行为方面的直接作用。60年代以后，认知的观点逐步介入到动机研究中来，研究的课题发生了很大的变化，出现了归因理论等强调认知因素的动机理论，并使传统的基于行为主义观点的自我效能理论、习得无助理论在内容上发生了巨大的变化。     

自主学习模式与英语口语学习

本文旨在探讨自主学习模式下的英语口语学习。通过分析口语学习的特点以及课堂教学的局限性,指出自主学习是提高口语学习效率的有效途径,并介绍了口语自主学习的策略和口语能力自我评估的方法。     

Multiple-objective response-adaptive repeated measurement designs for clinical trials

In a response-adaptive design, we review and update the trial on the basis of outcomes in order to achieve a specific goal. Response-adaptive designs for clinical trials are usually constructed to achieve a single objective. In this paper, we develop a new adaptive allocation rule to improve current strategies for building response-adaptive designs to construct multiple-objective repeated measurement designs. This new rule is designed to increase estimation precision and treatment benefit by assigning more patients to a better treatment sequence. We demonstrate that designs constructed under the new proposed allocation rule can be nearly as efficient as fixed optimal designs in terms of the mean squared error, while leading to improved patient care.     

西部开发 以人为本

西部落后的根本原因是社会自我发展能力薄弱 ,纵有丰富的自然资源 ,也难形成优势 ,因此 ,西部大开发之本 ,在于人群之潜能的培育和开发。教育在这里的作用至关重要 ,如何从体制上保证教育投资的可行性和可持续性 ,应是西部大开发战略的题中要义。另一方面 ,要使教育投资发挥效益 ,要使人才充分发挥作用 ,又必须进行体制的改革和社会环境的改造。     

Adolescents Living in Public Housing: Self-perceptions of Competence and Family Satisfaction

This pilot study was developed to better understand the perceived level of self-competence in African American adolescents living within public housing developments in the mid-South. The study’s goal was to obtain a more in-depth understanding of self-perceptions in strategic areas and begin to determine how their environment may affect dimensions of self-competence. Measurements included Harter’s Self-Perception Profile for Children scale (SPPC) and Hudson’s Family Relationship Problems domain contained in his Multidimensional Adolescent Assessment Scale. A comparative analysis was conducted between the sample means and those obtained from the population on which the SPPC instrument was normed [Harter (1985), The self-perception profile for children: revision of the perceived competence scale for children. Denver: Manual, University of Denver]. All scores were analyzed both within gender and within past scholastic performance. Findings suggested that this sample of public housing youth scored similarly within both gender and past scholastic performance on most domains with a few exceptions. Males scored significantly higher on self-ratings of physical appearance than females, and low-reporting scholastic achievers tended to rank themselves significantly lower in athletic competence. Physical appearance and scholastic competence were associated with global self-worth, and family turmoil was associated with fewer close friendships. Importantly, the sample means were significantly different than the normed population means across several domains of competence. The finding suggesting that scholastic performance is a predictor of self-worth is supported by later research and refuted by earlier research. Perhaps this is a regional effect or perhaps there has been a cultural norm shift that more recent studies are able to identify. Interventions need to be designed for youth at middle-school age because the ability to instill protective factors greatly diminishes at post-puberty development.Article Note Michael Sullivan and Theora Evans are affiliated with College of Social Work, The University of Tennessee, 711 Jefferson Ave. Suite 607 W., Memphis, TN 38163, USA     

道家精神与瑜伽智慧——通往身心和谐的道路

经营自我和发展自我已成为当下的流行。随着社会的发展，我们缺乏对自己生活的反思。面对当今人们的精神困惑，我们应借助于东方的传统文化。对传统文化的现代理解是因为传统文化中表现了人性，而人性是永恒的，所以要继承。历史失落了，才有人文精神的失落。道家精神和瑜伽智慧是人类文化的精髓。     

记忆的镜像——50、60年代文学中的日本“鬼子”形象

日本＂鬼子＂形象在不同历史时期的文学作品中有着不同的呈现方式,并逐渐形成了某种无意识的表述和记忆。50、60年代文学中的日本＂鬼子＂形象受到特定时代文化语境的影响,具有模式化和想象化倾向,构成了对他者形象叙述的套话特征。文学中对日本＂鬼子＂这一他者形象的塑造和定义,背后隐含了自我的话语立场和言说意图,负载着对国家和民族形象的建构和确证。     

Product Positioning Using a Self‐Organizing Map and the Rings of Influence

In this article, we propose a new product positioning method based on the neural network methodology of a self‐organizing map. The method incorporates the concept of rings of influence, where a firm evaluates individual consumers and decides on the intensity to pursue a consumer, based on the probability that this consumer will purchase a competing product. The method has several advantages over earlier work. First, no limitations are imposed on the number of competing products and second, the method can position multiple products in multiple market segments. Using simulations, we compare the new product positioning method with a quasi‐Newton method and find that the new method always approaches the best solution obtained by the quasi‐Newton method. The quasi‐Newton method, however, is dependent on the initial positions of the new products, with the majority of cases ending in a local optimum. Furthermore, the computational time required by the quasi‐Newton method increases exponentially, while the time required by the new method is small and remains almost unchanged, when the number of new products positioned increases. We also compute the expected utility that a firm will provide consumers by offering its products. We show that as the intensity with which a firm pursues consumers increases, the new method results in near‐optimal solutions in terms of market share, but with higher expected utility provided to consumers when compared to that obtained by a quasi‐Newton method. Thus, the new method can serve as a managerial decision‐making tool to compare the short‐term market share objective with the long‐term expected utility that a firm will provide to consumers, when it positions its products and intensifies its effort to attract consumers away from competition.     

风险社会中的污名现象研究——基于新冠肺炎疫情时期“湖北人”污名的分析

全球抗击新冠肺炎疫情过程中出现了许多针对不同群体的污名现象。文章以新冠肺炎疫情期间的“湖北人”污名为例,结合风险社会理论分析了风险社会中的污名现象。研究发现,风险社会中的污名现象表现出突发性、内隐性和单向性等突出特点,社会风险及其不确定性带来的恐慌、信任危机以及风险意识的形成和传播等因素共同导致了污名的产生和扩散。污名应对的中国经验表明,结合风险社会的特点,通过政府、专家、媒体和公众的共同努力,有助于提升预防风险和治理风险的能力,合力消除污名,这值得其他国家借鉴,也应进行更深入研究。     

古代中国哲学中的“自我”

中国哲学很早就对“人是什么”的问题进行了探讨。中国古典思想的理论前提和逻辑各有不同,但各家各派都主张某种程度上的“无我”之说。从毋我、无已到无我,对自我的消解和否定构成了其中共同的趋向。中国传统思想中的自我是整体主义的自我。自我理解的差异构成了人道主义的古今之辩的前提。