Testing the Interaction Effects of Task Complexity in Computer Training Using the Social Cognitive Model

Using a Modified Social Cognitive Theory framework, this study examines the behavior modeling and lecture‐based training approaches to computer training. It extends the existing Social Cognitive Model for computer training by adding the task complexity construct to training method, prior performance, computer self‐efficacy, outcome expectations, and performance. A sample of 249 students from a large state university served as participants in a laboratory experiment that was conducted to determine the task complexity*training method and task complexity* self‐efficacy interaction effects on performance. Structural equation modeling with interaction effects was used to analyze the data. The results show that behavior modeling outperforms lecture‐based training in a measure of final performance when task complexity is high. Further, it is found that computer self‐efficacy has a greater positive effect on performance when task complexity is high than when task complexity is low. Prior performance is also found to be an important variable in the model.     

Leaders’ influence on collective action: An identity leadership perspective

What makes followers act collectively when called upon by their leaders? To answer this question, participants were randomly allocated to leader–follower relationships embedded either in a partisan group or a workgroup context; and the relationship between identity leadership and collective action through ingroup identification (Study 1: N = 293) or both ingroup identification and group-efficacy (Study 2: N = 338) were assessed. Based on the model of identity leadership, we predicted and found that identity leadership was positively related with intentions for collective action when called upon by the leader, both via ingroup identification and belief in group efficacy. As predicted, the social identity process for the effectiveness of identity leadership was more important in partisan groups than in workgroups. The efficacy related process was group context invariant. These results have implications for our understanding of group processes involved in the leadership in collective action.     

有耗媒质对电磁波屏蔽作用的研究

本文给出了有耗媒质界面上均匀与非均匀平面电磁波斜入射时的反射系数、透射系数的计算公式，并进而计算出了单层平板媒质的屏蔽效能。     

Design and Evaluation of Prophylactic Interventions Using Infectious Disease Incidence Data from Close Contact Groups

Summary.  Prophylaxis of contacts of infectious cases such as household members and treatment of infectious cases are methods to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. We develop a method based on maximum likelihood to estimate the efficacy of such interventions and the transmission probabilities. We consider both the design with prospective follow-up of close contact groups and the design with ascertainment of close contact groups by an index case as well as randomization by groups and by individuals. We compare the designs by using simulations. We estimate the efficacy of the influenza antiviral agent oseltamivir in reducing susceptibility and infectiousness in two case-ascertained household trials.     

Reciprocal relations: The recognition and co-construction of caring with Alzheimer's disease

The literature on caring for people with Alzheimer's disease predominantly underscores the role of the care giver, largely ignoring the care receiver. Care is viewed as a service to mind someone rather than a compassionate act of shared relationship. Alzheimer's disease is portrayed as negatively influencing reciprocity in caring relationships, precipitating their gradual dissolution. We report findings from an ethnographic study that followed nearly 100 dyads of people with Alzheimer's disease and those who cared for them for more than 1 year. ‘Give and take’ in a relationship appears richer and more ambiguous than previously supposed; despite one party's cognitive losses, shared meanings can still be experienced by both people. In an in-depth examination of the narratives of co-carers, gathered during home visits, relationships were seen to be dynamic co-constructions built upon everyday events, interactions, environments and disease progression. Importantly, we show that people with Alzheimer's disease express insight and awareness despite decline.     

福柯的生存美学的基本意义

作为概念,生存美学虽然是福柯在晚期才正式提出,但它是福柯长期进行知识考古学、权力和道德系谱学研究的必然成果,同时也是他个人生活、思想创造和著述实践的指导原则。生存美学的核心概念“关怀自身”,体现了福柯一贯的做人原则,也集中表现了审美生存的重心,在于自身不断摆脱传统主体性的约束,实现自身审美超越的愉悦快感。     

论法律实效

法律实效是国家实在法效力的实现状态和样式。它在实践中一般表现为三种样式,即自治样式、强制样式和混合样式。法律实效的实现需要四种基本保障机制,即法律机制、观念机制、组织机制和经济机制。法律实效与法律评估、司法活动之间关系非常密切。它是法律评估的唯一客观标准,也是司法的直接目的和衡量司法效能的参照。     

Performance: self as the principal evaluator

The paper proposes an alternative way of looking at performance management by placing the 'performer' in the leading role of evaluator. The proposition is rooted in the evidence that, when performance is primarily evaluated by someone other than 'self', this robs individuals of a sense of responsibility for their own work performance and reduces the quality of both process and output. The paper suggests that learning is the premier skill at the root of performance improvement. Further, a systems view of the organization is essential if employees are to be given the freedom to self-evaluate.     

Leadership behaviors and group creativity in Chinese organizations: The role of group processes

In seeking to understand the factors contributing to work group creativity in Chinese organizations, we explored the roles of two different leadership styles (transformational and authoritarian) that Chinese leaders play in group creativity through influencing internal group processes, i.e., collective efficacy and knowledge sharing among group members. We tested our hypotheses with a sample of 163 work groups involving 973 employees in twelve Chinese companies. We found transformational leadership to relate positively but authoritarian leadership to relate negatively to group creativity, mediated by both collective efficacy and knowledge sharing among members within the group. We discuss the implications of these findings for research on group leadership, group creativity and cross-cultural management.