A Brief Treatment with a Posttraumatic Stress Disordered Patient—A Self Psychological Perspective

Treatment of posttraumatic stress disordered patients has focused predominantly on symptom removal. The assumption is that once the symptoms of stress are alleviated, the individual can return to a previous level of functioning. This focus overlooks the psychological importance of the unique and permanent effects that traumatic stress can have on the way individuals experience themselves and the world. This brief paper contributes to an understanding of the importance of psychoanalytic treatment in helping a patient understand her longstanding need for preoccupation with thoughts of destruction and how this need prolonged her thinking about the 9/11 tragedy. As her understanding proceeded, the patient’s preoccupation with the suicide attacks diminished as did her negative preoccupations in general.     

Stress, Trauma, and Coping Strategies: Cross-Cultural Variations

This article examines three major issues. First, it considers the nature of trauma, its cognitive and emotional appraisal, and the cultural variations in its appraisal. In this context, it also distinguishes between universal traumas and culture-specific traumas with pertinent examples. In addition, the conceptual, epistemological, and methodological problems of investigating trauma across cultures are highlighted. Second, the article critically examines the controversies surrounding the nature, theoretical formulations, and methodologies currently adopted in stress research both in Western and non-Western cultures, with special emphasis being placed on the situation prevailing in Indian stress research. Third, it focuses on therapeutic issues and highlights some of the culture-specific healing techniques used by some people in Indian cultures to cope with stress and trauma. Finally, it suggests ways by which one might achieve a rapprochement between Western approaches and non-Western approaches to the study of stress and trauma.     

Waste Package Performance Evaluations for the Proposed High-Level Nuclear Waste Repository at Yucca Mountain

The evaluation studies of the proposed repository for long-term storage of spent nuclear fuel and high-level nuclear waste at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, are underway. Fulfillment of the requirements for limiting dose to the public, which includes containment of the radioactive waste emplaced in the proposed repository and subsequent slow release of radionuclides from the Engineered Barrier System (EBS) into the geosphere, will rely on a robust waste container design, among other EBS components. Part of the evaluation process involves sensitivity studies aimed at elucidating which model parameters contribute most to the waste package and overlying drip shield degradation characteristics. The model parameters identified for this study include (1) general corrosion rate parameters and (2) stress corrosion cracking (SCC) parameters. Temperature dependence and parameter uncertainty are evaluated for the general corrosion rate model parameters while for the SCC model parameters, uncertainty treatment of stress intensity factor, crack initiation threshold, and manufacturing flaw orientations are evaluated. Based on these evaluations new uncertainty distributions are generated and recommended for future analyses. Also, early waste package failures due to improper heat treatment were added to the waste package degradation model. The results of these investigations indicate that the waste package failure profiles are governed by the manufacturing flaw orientation model parameters.     

荀子人性论及其政治观述评

荀子是我国古代杰出的思想家,先秦思想的集大成者。他独出特行的“性恶论”认为,人性好利恶害,人们并因此引发争夺、导致战乱。然而,人的先天恶性可以通过“化性起伪”即后天的礼义教化、法规约束使之弃恶从善。荀子在“性恶论”基础上建构了以“隆礼”“重法”为核心的政治学说,富有创见地提出了“王霸兼用”、“礼法并施”的治国理念。荀子鉴古察今的政治智慧至今仍能给予世人启迪与裨益。     

Combined work stresses: Effect of reduced air renewal on psychological performance during 72h sustained operations

Human tolerance limits for sustained operations under the combined stress of stale air and sleep loss were studied in two groups often male volunteers over a 72 h period, with only 1h of sleep permitted after 32, 48 and 60h. The experiment investigated whether such sustained performance might be additionally influenced by mild hypoxia (15 vol% O₂) together with correspondingly increased carbon dioxide levels (5 vol%).

Performance on various psychological tests showed the expected decrease with increasing duration of sleep loss. However, there were no clear cut differences in performance between the control and the hypoxia groups. There were, however, more pronounced decreases with time in either group in the more complex tasks as compared to simple reaction time and vigilance tasks. Short-term memory improved probably due to learning. The missing effect of hypoxia could be attributed to a hyperventilation response in the experimental subjects and an increase in cerebral blood flow initiated by the hypercapnia.     

Teacher stress during an autumn term in Finland: Four types of stress processes

This Finnish study examines teachers' stress in order to clarify how stress manifests itself and to describe any observed differences in the teachers' background, personality and coping variables. The research design was longitudinal. One hundred and fifty-three teachers made repeated assessments (six in all) of the indicators of stress (subjective mood ratings) by means of questionnaires during the autumn term of 1983. The background variables were based on questionnaire responses gathered in the autumn of 1983. Four different teacher groups emerged according to the type of stress reported: (1) teachers who were exhausted throughout the term; (2) those who recovered from stress on the first weekends of the term but not later on; (3) those not at all stressed, and (4) teachers feeling tired and anxious at the beginning and at the end of the term. The four teacher groups differed with regard to their personality characteristics and coping strategies.     

心理重压与平常心理

在学校教育中,应鼓励学生向卓越发展,具有竞争意识,同时亦应通过教育促使学生的平常心理的养成。秉持平常心理,才能更好地实现人生理想的目标,才能理性地调适心理难堪,才能更大限度地实现人际和谐,并真正体味人生的意义;非平常心理的形成原因,主要是人格缺陷,也由于过早被意识到与被夸张的生存压力、不良文化因素的刺激,以及学校教育在精神引导方面的偏颇所致;要重视平常心理的教育,必须强化整体教育中的智慧教育,提高学生的文化鉴别力,引导青年学生的文化心理走向,并尽量调整现行教育管理中容易形成负面影响的环节。     

Coping strategies used by staff following assault by a patient: An exploratory study

This study investigates how people deal with the stress of being the victim of a violent assault at work. A consecutive sample of 24 employees of a psychiatric hospital were questioned over a three-week period following an assault by a patient. The ways in which these staff spontaneously attempted to cope with these assaults was used as a basis for a classification scheme. In addition their psychological difficulties were measured. Despite the restricted sample some interesting associations were found. Ignoring the incident by avoiding thinking about it and taking time away from work or work colleagues was associated with decreases in psychological difficulties over time. Although the causal link is still unclear, further studies using similar analyses may be able to tease this out.     

The measurement of emotional reactions to work: Conceptual, methodological and research issues

This paper offers an overview of the literature on the measurement of emotional reactions to work. The paper opens with discussion of the meaning, definition and assessment of the terms 'work', 'emotion', and 'health/well-being' and then proposes that an understanding of the complex relationships among these variables should proceed through the use of ecological and interactional models. It is noted that, although there is still some controversy regarding the relationships between emotions, health and well-being, there is a growing recognition of the fact that emotions are closely related to the origins and exacerbation of disease and the promotion of health and well-being. Also, as an important context for human activity and development, the workplace can be both a direct and indirect source of negative emotions that are associated with severe stress, especially if certain workplace characteristics (e.g. quantitative and qualitative overload, poor control, low wages and poor social supports) are present. The paper summarizes some of the critical issues in the measurement of emotional reactions to work, including gender, age and culture, and lists some of the many instruments for this measurement. Lastly, the paper argues that the measurement of emotional reactions to work should proceed from a multimethod-multisource-multiemotion research strategy that samples different methods (questionnaires, behavioural observation, biological measures, etc.), emotions (anger, anxiety, happiness, etc), and sources (e.g. subject, professional, family).     

裂纹尖端区塑性功密度场与塑性约束

本文基于［１］的工作，对ｎ＝１０的材料进一步分析了裂纹尖端区塑性应变能密度的两，项场。并研究了两结构和地位随试件几何、屈服程度的变化情况，以及裂尖区的约束和断裂行为。