Quantitative Assessment of the Health Risk for Livestock When Animal Viruses Are Applied in Human Oncolytic Therapy: A Case Study for Seneca Valley Virus

Some viruses cause tumor regression and can be used to treat cancer patients; these viruses are called oncolytic viruses. To assess whether oncolytic viruses from animal origin excreted by patients pose a health risk for livestock, a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) was performed to estimate the risk for the Dutch pig industry after environmental release of Seneca Valley virus (SVV). The QRA assumed SVV excretion in stool by one cancer patient on Day 1 in the Netherlands, discharge of SVV with treated wastewater into the river Meuse, downstream intake of river water for drinking water production, and consumption of this drinking water by pigs. Dose–response curves for SVV infection and clinical disease in pigs were constructed from experimental data. In the worst scenario (four log₁₀ virus reduction by drinking water treatment and a farm with 10,000 pigs), the infection risk is less than 1% with 95% certainty. The risk of clinical disease is almost seven orders of magnitude lower. Risks may increase proportionally with the numbers of treated patients and days of virus excretion. These data indicate that application of wild‐type oncolytic animal viruses may infect susceptible livestock. A QRA regarding the use of oncolytic animal virus is, therefore, highly recommended. For this, data on excretion by patients, and dose–response parameters for infection and clinical disease in livestock, should be studied.     

关于建设世界水谷的战略思考

研究水问题、解决水危机需要战略创新、制度创新、模式创新。从世界水谷的建设缘由、概念解读、建设愿景、建设主体和谷址选择等方面,简要论述建设世界水谷的必要性和总体构想,强调建设世界水谷旨在通过研发、教育、创业、资本、产业等五大集群,结合城市(镇)化建设形成特色鲜明的城市综合体,最终成为国家级世界性开放式的水科学研究基地和全球著名的高端水事活动交流集聚中心,共同研究水问题,开发利用水资源,应对全球水危机。     

乌江流域民族地区历代科举人才的地理分布

乌江流域民族地区是我国历代学校教育较为落后、科举人才较为匮乏的地区之一。该地区科举人才的分布呈现出整体落后、区域差距、阶段起伏、科举家族涌现等特点。宋、明、清三代,科举人才的地理分布形成“点线面”的格局,其成因有六:一是政治因素;二是经济因素;三是教育因素;四是考试政策因素;五是文化因素;六是交通因素。民族地区科举人才的生成,不仅受制于多种政治因素,而且也受制于当时当地的经济、教育、考试政策、文化和交通等因素。     

Trusting Strangers: Work Relationships in Four High-Tech Communities

For the last ten years, anthropologists have been studying work, family and technology in Silicon Valley. Using intensive observation and ethnographic interviews, we have investigated the daily life of people in Silicon Valley in an ecosystem of research endeavours we have dubbed the Silicon Valley Cultures Project, supported by grants by the National Science Foundation and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, as well as through partnerships with the Institute for the Future. The latter collaborated to conduct ethnographic interviews on the details of work and technologically mediated communications in Bangalore, India, Dublin, Ireland, and the Taipei-Hsinchu corridor in Taiwan, revealing the complexities of global interconnections in families and workplaces. These projects have explored the penetration of work, technology and global interconnections into the daily lives of the people. We used a comparative approach, a multisite research design, to yield different research questions. Cross-site analysis allows us to see that differing social and technical infrastructures shape the way trust is built and maintained. Locating research sites in different locations also emphasizes the problematic nature of technologically-mediated relationships, since networks built at a distance and maintained virtually have risks that locally constructed networks do not. Workers in Silicon places are simultaneously inwardly-focused and embedded in a local context and connected to global economic and communications nodes. Interdependent high-tech work, often using technologically-mediated communication, requires a high degree of trust. The cultural construction of 'trust', and the culturally situated negotiation of trust relationships need to be explored in this context. High-tech knowledge work is done by networks of interdependent global workers that must share information, act under a severe time constraint, and establish effective relationships at a distance. The management of interpersonal and organizational expectations that is embodied in the concept 'trust' is an example of how locally constructed cultural realities are enacted on a global stage.     

山神空间的性别化建构--以西藏东南部察瓦龙河谷为例

空间是社会关系实践的结果。围绕着地方宗教社会的历史，神话与传说表达了山神之间中心与边缘的秩序。在新年祭祀山神的仪式与活动中，人们将山神的等级观念嵌入到两性关系之中，由此形塑了男性含括女性的空间阶序关系。同时也反映了察瓦龙社会两性关系的疏离与统一的动态实践过程，为建构和再生产新的性别关系提供了可能的契机。     

被压抑的个人现代性——以《梦之谷》和《神的失落》为例

在抗战时期的知识分子长篇小说创作中,萧乾的《梦之谷》和王西彦的《神的失落》所隐含的问题远非目前研究所呈现得如此简单,它们共同涉及了中国现代知识者自我身份认同、个性解放过程中两性同盟与分歧等复杂问题的叙述.它们共同彰显的是在中国传统经济伦理与中国现代社会宏大目标的双重压力下,另一种“被压抑的现代性”——个人现代性诉求在中国现代文学中表达与书写的艰难.两个文本的存在确证了中国现代文学史始终是一个“新旧杂陈、多声复义”的存在,对此类文本的新阐释可以帮助我们有效地突破现有文学史叙述框架,呈现一个更为真实丰富的文学历史.     

金沙江河谷民族文化多样性与和谐社会构建

金沙江河谷是彝、汉、傣、白、傈僳、苗等民族共存共生之地,民族文化多样性与生态的多样性互相联系。民族文化多样性的存在,是增进不同民族之间、不同语言系统之间、不同宗教信仰之间相互了解的潜在资源和内在动力,促进了人与自然和谐共生,推动各民族和渚共处和繁荣发展,有利于构建和谐社会。     

石羊河流域人口经济压力定量分析

本文针对影响人口经济压力的内在矛盾和外在因素,确定评价指标。采用主成分分析法计算人口经济压力指数,定量分析了研究区人口经济压力空间格局。研究结果表明：石羊河流域人口经济压力空间格局呈反写的C形半环状结构;同时文章研究分析了石羊河流域各县区人口经济压力现状并提出了相应对策。     

云南怒江流域多民族文化保护传承的有关问题

云南怒江流域集中了非常丰富的少数民族文化多样性特色,但是近年来该流域少数民族文化在国际化、市场化的语境下正呈现出急剧弱化甚至消失的趋势,这其中有经济发展与文化发展失衡的原因,也有西方宗教文化蔓延的影响。因此,探讨怒江流域社会经济发展与民族文化发展的关系,确立民族文化民间保护功能,重视民间主体的保护作用,以应对国际化、市场化对少数民族地区特色文化的挑战,对促进该地区生态经济与多样性生态文化协调发展具有极为积极的意义。     

论成化至正德时期吴中与外界的文学交流

成化至正德时期(1465～1521)的吴中文学在保持地域性特色的同时,又与外界文学流派如京师茶陵派、前七子派以及陈庄体诗人有着广泛交流,呈现出开放性特征。有些吴中士人科举胜出后往往融入京师文学群体,并在很大程度上改变了自己吴中主体的身份和风格;有的吴中士人虽不出仕,但也能主动利用各种途径寻求与外界的交流,并在交流中保持了自己的主体性。