中小企业融资问题的现状和对策

中小企业要发展,要做强做大,离不开资金的支持。目前由于诸多方面的原因,融资难问题成为制约中小企业持续发展的重要因素。因此,应从以下几个方面采取相应的对策：一是深化改革,切实提高中小企业自身素质;二是健全资本市场体系,积极拓宽中小企业融资渠道;三是充分发挥政府在中小企业融资过程中的作用。     

Capitation funding in the public sector

A fundamental requirement of government at all levels—national and local—is to distribute the limited funds that it wishes to spend on particular public services between geographical areas or institutions, which are effectively competitors for such funds. Increasing use is now being made of capitation methods for such purposes, in which a standard estimate of expected expenditure is attached to a citizen with given characteristics. Statistical methods are playing an important role in determining such capitations, but they give rise to profound methodological problems. This paper examines the rationale for capitation and discusses the associated methodological issues. It illustrates the issues raised with two examples taken from the UK public sector: in personal social services and hospital care. Severe limitations of the data mean that small area data are used as the unit of observation, giving rise to considerable complexity in the model to be estimated. As a result, a range of methodologies including two-stage least squares and multilevel modelling methods are deployed. The paper concludes with a suggestion for an approach which would represent an improvement on current capitation methods, but which would require data on individuals rather than on small areas.     

中小企业生存与发展的理论基础

中小企业不是规模小的大企业,中小企业政策及其研究工作需要体现小企业的本质特点,理解中小企业生存与发展的理论基础。本文在大量经典文献资料的基础上,对一些相关理论观点进行了归纳、整理,目的在于识别影响和决定中小企业成长的关键因素,理解和把握中小企业的生存发展规律,进而给从事创业的企业家和中小企业经营管理者提供支持,为政府制订面向中小企业的支援体系建设提供理论依据,为在我国开展实证研究提供理论框架。     

构建银行与中小企业的桥梁——贵州省信用担保公司的现状分析及对策

“贷款难、难贷款”这是我国经济欠发达地区银行与企业之间的形象描写,贵州也一样,如何破解这一怪圈,业内人士对信用担保机构给予了很高的厚望,担当好这一角色,就取决于信用担保公司的完善。     

美国中小企业集群研究评介

本文对美国现有中小企业集群的研究成果进行了分析和评价, 并对我国开展集群规划提出了建议。     

Exponential random graph models for little networks

Statistical models for social networks have enabled researchers to study complex social phenomena that give rise to observed patterns of relationships among social actors and to gain a rich understanding of the interdependent nature of social ties and actors. Much of this research has focused on social networks within medium to large social groups. To date, these advances in statistical models for social networks, and in particular, of Exponential-Family Random Graph Models (ERGMS), have rarely been applied to the study of small networks, despite small network data in teams, families, and personal networks being common in many fields. In this paper, we revisit the estimation of ERGMs for small networks and propose using exhaustive enumeration when possible. We developed an R package that implements the estimation of pooled ERGMs for small networks using Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE), called “ergmito”. Based on the results of an extensive simulation study to assess the properties of the MLE estimator, we conclude that there are several benefits of direct MLE estimation compared to approximate methods and that this creates opportunities for valuable methodological innovations that can be applied to modeling social networks with ERGMs.     

Group dynamics on multidimensional object threat appraisals

The literature on attitudes toward objects includes seminal research on threat appraisals indicating that individuals locate an object in a multidimensional threat appraisal space defined by the object's perceived degree of being good or bad, weak or strong, and passive or active. We advance this research in three ways. First, we generalize the information integration on an object with the inclusion of other individuals’ displayed appraisals, and posit the existence of a dynamical system of information integration that generates a network of interpersonal influences on group members’ object appraisals. Second, we show that this influence system entails a set of non-obvious and rarely violated constraints on individuals’ settled appraisals. Third, with data collected in experiments on groups’ appraisals of images of nine animals and two nations, Russia and North Korea, we report empirical findings that support the existence of this system and its predicted constraints on individuals’ object appraisals.     

站在新起点开创新局面——在扶持黑龙江省人口较少民族发展工作推进会议上的讲话

黑龙江省人口较少民族工作登上新台阶,主要标志是制发了《中共黑龙江省委、黑龙江省人民政府关于进一步扶持人口较少民族加快发展的意见》等文件,采取各项工作措施,全面推进了黑龙江省人口较少民族的发展。     

On prediction of population and subpopulation characteristics for future periods

The estimation or prediction of population characteristics based on the sample information is the key issue in survey sampling. If the sample sizes in subpopulations (domains) are large enough, similar methods as used for the whole population can be used to estimate or to predict subpopulations characteristics as well. To estimate or to predict characteristics of domains with small or even zero sample sizes, small area estimation methods “borrowing strength” from other subpopulations or time periods are widely used. We extend this problem and study methods of prediction of future population and subpopulations’ characteristics based on the longitudinal data.     

The future of small farms in Asia

Farms throughout Asia are predominantly small. By nature, small farms use labour‐intensive production methods. The question arises as to the viability of small farms in the face of the rapidly increasing wage rate in most Asian countries. There is also indication that the production efficiency of small farms has declined relative to large farms in many Asian economies, indicating the increasing disadvantage of small farms in Asia. Therefore, this study argues that unless new policy measures are taken to expand farm size, Asia as a whole is likely to lose comparative advantage in agriculture and become an importer of food grains in the future.