浅议中小企业核心竞争力的培育

核心竞争力是企业独具的、支撑企业可持续性竞争优势的核心能力。核心竞争能力的特点包括 :能实现用户所看重的核心价值 ;具有难以模仿和超越独特性 ;具有延展性 ;不能通过市场买卖获得等。核心竞争能力是企业获取持续竞争优势的来源和基础, 中小企业应该通过战略联盟、产学研等形式培育自身的核心竞争力。     

Host-size-dependent sex ratio in a parasitoid wasp

Charnov's host-size model explains parasitoid host-size-dependent sex ratio as an adaptive consequence when there is a differential effect of host size on the offspring fitness of parasitoid males versus females. This article tests the predictions and the assumptions of the host-size model. The parasitoid wasp Pimpla nipponica Uchida (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) laid more female eggs in larger or fresher host pupae when choice among hosts of different sizes or ages was allowed. Then, whether an asymmetrical effect of host size and age on the fitness of females versus males existed in P. nipponica was examined. Larger or fresher host pupae yielded larger wasps. Larger females lived longer, whereas male size did not influence male longevity. Large males mated successfully with relatively large females but failed with small females, whereas small males could mate successfully either with small or with large females. Thus, small-male advantages were found, and this held true even under male–male competition. Ovariole and egg numbers at any one time did not differ among females of different sizes. Larger females attained higher oviposition success and spent less time and energy for oviposition in hosts. Larger females produced more eggs from a single host meal. Taken together, females gained more, and males lost more, by being large. Host size and age thus asymmetrically affected the fitness of offspring males versus females through the relationships between host size or hast age and wasp size, which means the basic assumption of the host-size model was satisfied. Therefore, sex ratio control by P. nipponica in response to host size and age is adaptive. Received: November 13, 1998 / Accepted: January 18, 1999     

A model for effective planning of SME support services

This paper presents a model for effective planning of support services for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The idea is to scrutinize and measure the suitability of support services in order to give recommendations for the improvement of a support planning process. We examined the applied support services and matched them with the problems and needs of SMEs, based on the survey conducted in 2013 on a sample of 336 SMEs in Serbia. We defined and analysed the five research questions that refer to support services, their consistency with the SMEs’ problems and needs, and the relation between the given support and SMEs’ success. The survey results have shown a statistically significant connection between them. Based on this result, we proposed an eight-phase model as a method for the improvement of support service planning for SMEs. This model helps SMEs to plan better their requirements in terms of support; government and administration bodies at all levels and organizations that provide support services to understand better SMEs’ problems and needs for support.     

浅谈中小企业税务风险化解及防范

中小企业税务风险通常指企业未能遵守国家税务法律法规而导致企业未来利益受损的可能性,企业应纳税而没有纳税,将来面临补税、罚款、加收滞纳金。中小企业的税务风险主要表现为:中小企业故意违反税法产生的税务风险;企业非故意违反税法产生的税务风险;税收政策调整或主管税务机关责任带来的税收风险;企业税收筹划带来的风险。中小企业防范和化解税务风险的举措表现为:牢固树立税务风险意识;提高涉税人员的业务素质;建立健全企业税收控制制度;营造良好的税企沟通机制。     

浅析我国中小企业跨国经营的发展优势及战略选择

中小企业与大企业相比在跨国经营中具有产权清晰、效率快捷、产品适销等优势 ,但企业规模小、技术开发能力低、人才缺乏等因素在一定程度上限制了其跨国经营。中小企业应充分利用比较优势 ,加入国际产业分工和协作网络 ,优化跨国经营的外部环境 ,扬长避短 ,以提高自身竞争力     

Effects of dog leash laws and habitat type on avian and small mammal communities in urban parks

Remnant natural areas within urban settings can act as important refuges for wildlife, substantially increasing local biodiversity. However, habitat suitability for these species is potentially affected by human recreational activities including the presence of free-running dogs. To compare the diversity and abundance of songbird and small mammal communities between areas with bylaws that require, or do not require, dogs to be leashed, point counts and live-trapping surveys were conducted in three habitat types (deciduous, coniferous, and meadow) in the river valley parks of Edmonton, Alberta. Among birds, there was no difference between areas with different leashing bylaws in species diversity for any of the three habitat types. Similarly, there was no difference in bird diversity for a subset of species that were plausibly breeding at these sites. However, higher bird diversity was recorded in deciduous and coniferous sites than in meadow sites, regardless of leash designation, probably as a function of the horticultural practice of mowing meadows. Among both birds and small mammals, there was no difference in the abundance of individuals as a function of leashing bylaws. Our results suggest that off-leash dogs have no effect on the diversity or abundance of birds and small mammals in urban parks, but it is also possible that other factors, such as leash law compliance, reduced or obscured the effects of off-leash dogs in this study.     

制约小企业信贷服务的“瓶颈”及对策

近期,我们对丹东辖区各银行业金融机构的小企业贷款情况进行了全面调查,深入研究和探讨了当前制约小企业信贷服务的“瓶颈”问题和对策。     

Missing data and small area estimation in the UK Labour Force Survey

Summary.  We apply multivariate shrinkage to estimate local area rates of unemployment and economic inactivity by using UK Labour Force Survey data. The method exploits the similarity of the rates of claiming unemployment benefit and the unemployment rates as defined by the International Labour Organisation. This is done without any distributional assumptions, merely relying on the high correlation of the two rates. The estimation is integrated with a multiple-imputation procedure for missing employment status of subjects in the database (item non-response). The hot deck method that is used in the imputations is adapted to reflect the uncertainty in the model for non-response. The method is motivated as a development (improvement) of the current operational procedure in which the imputed value is a non-stochastic function of the data. An extension of the procedure to subjects who are absent from the database (unit non-response) is proposed.     

我国中小企业发展及入世的应对战略

中小企业能在大企业的夹缝中生长,因为它具有独特的优势。我国的中小企业发展中存在许多问题,严重制约了其优势的充分发挥。在入世后,它面临着新的机遇和挑战。中小企业必须扬长避短,努力培育企业自身的核心能力。     

中小企业的生存空间及其战略选择

在市场经济中,中小企业有着坚实的生存基础和广阔的生存空间。在此,提出了七种生存空间供中小企业进行战略选择。