The small sample properties of the reset test as applied to systems of equations

The RESET test for functional misspecification is generalised to cover systems of equations, and the properties of 7 versions are studied using Monte Carlo methods. The Rao F -test clearly exhibits the best performance as regards correct size, whilst the commonly used LRT (uncorrected for degrees-of-freedom), and LM and Wald tests (both corrected and uncorrected) behave badly even in single equations. The Rao test exhibits correct size even in ten equation systems, which is better than previous research concerning autocorrelation tests. The power of the test is low, however, when the number of equations grows and the correlation between the omitted variables and the RESET proxies is small.     

Characteristics of Formulas and Data Used in the Allocation of Federal Funds

The formulas and data used for 13 federal programs that allocate funds to state and local areas are described. Suggestions for types of formulas and data appropriate for allocation of funds are made. Some recommendations in the Report on Statistics for Allocation of Funds published by the Office of Federal Statistical Policy and Standards are discussed. The possible effects of the formulas and data used in the allocation of funds for federal programs are examined in the light of the recommendations given in the report.     

小民族,大课题——以赫哲族为例

人数特别少的“小民族”在现代化过程中面临“生存发展”和“保存文化”的两难 ,这种两难取决于大小民族之间的态度、价值观和相互关系以及大民族对于“发展”的理解。在适当调整人们思维框架和参照系的条件下 ,以社区意识和区域发展为基础 ,小民族有可能找到既实现社会经济发展 ,又保持文化传统的发展模式     

17世纪巴伐里亚与山东的农业生产恢复措施

17世纪前半期,德国经历了长达30年之久的欧洲国际战争,中国也处在清军入关、明末社会大动荡的时期,两国的农业生产同时遭受了同样严重的破坏.但是,以巴伐里亚和山东省为例,德、中两国农民面对战乱灾荒的自救方式、两国统治者所采取的补救措施以及战乱过后两国农业的发展趋势却表现出根本性的不同.     

中小制造企业供应链一体化风险管理实证研究

经济全球化以及自然灾害的不可抗力,使中小制造企业面临巨大的竞争压力与生存压力。对浙江省数十家中小企业调查分析表明：企业的计划、采购、制造、配送及退货五个业务流程的供应链是环环相扣的,任何一个环节出问题,都可能影响供应链的正常运作。识别五个业务流程的关键风险因素,计算出关键风险因素的水平综合指数并进行排序,以此作依据构建中小企业供应链一体化风险管理体系结构模型,为供应链风险管理的实践提供了可操作性及指导性的技术手段。     

Host-size-dependent sex ratio in a parasitoid wasp

Charnov's host-size model explains parasitoid host-size-dependent sex ratio as an adaptive consequence when there is a differential effect of host size on the offspring fitness of parasitoid males versus females. This article tests the predictions and the assumptions of the host-size model. The parasitoid wasp Pimpla nipponica Uchida (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) laid more female eggs in larger or fresher host pupae when choice among hosts of different sizes or ages was allowed. Then, whether an asymmetrical effect of host size and age on the fitness of females versus males existed in P. nipponica was examined. Larger or fresher host pupae yielded larger wasps. Larger females lived longer, whereas male size did not influence male longevity. Large males mated successfully with relatively large females but failed with small females, whereas small males could mate successfully either with small or with large females. Thus, small-male advantages were found, and this held true even under male–male competition. Ovariole and egg numbers at any one time did not differ among females of different sizes. Larger females attained higher oviposition success and spent less time and energy for oviposition in hosts. Larger females produced more eggs from a single host meal. Taken together, females gained more, and males lost more, by being large. Host size and age thus asymmetrically affected the fitness of offspring males versus females through the relationships between host size or hast age and wasp size, which means the basic assumption of the host-size model was satisfied. Therefore, sex ratio control by P. nipponica in response to host size and age is adaptive. Received: November 13, 1998 / Accepted: January 18, 1999     

中小城市社会工作专业实习困境与资源拓展分析

实习是社会工作专业教学的重要环节。但受区位经济和人文环境的影响,中小城市社会工作专业实习常常因实习机构缺乏,督导乏力,案主资源难以获得,经费不足等问题而陷入困境。要拓展实习资源可采取专业的社会推介、校内实训以及多种区外资源合作形式。     

论新《公司法》中的中小股东利益保护制度

中小股东是相对于大股东而言的在公司法上提出的一个概念。中小股东们在公司的权利配置和构架中属于弱势群体。随着公司发展的这一两百年来,公司中的大股东们滥用其优势地位,压制中小股东,使得中小股东的利益无法得到正常的保障。所以各国的公司法都在力图制定一部全面保护中小股东的法律,而如何保障以及如何完善这些制度便成了保障中小股东利益的焦点问题。     

试析我国中小企业人力资源激励机制

正确地建立激励机制,不失时机地采用适当的激励方法和手段,对企业用好人才、留住人才至关重要,对中小企业的发展意义深远。针对中小企业存在的激励问题,探索中小企业激励机制的构建方法,为我国中小企业建立行之有效的激励管理对策提供了参考依据。     

基于BP神经网络的中小企业信用评价研究

利用因子分析法建立了我国中小企业信用评价财务指标体系,据此构建了单隐层结构的BP神经网络,并以2006年100家ST和非ST上市公司为训练样本,详细考察了隐含层结构和网络训练函数对BP神经网络辨识性能的影响,最终得到了具有较快收敛速度和较高准确率的BP神经网络。在此基础上,以2006年财务数据为研究样本,对102家上市中小企业进行了信用评价。结果表明,各中小企业之间的信用评价结果存在较大的异质性,说明采用BP神经网络进行信用评价具有较高的可操作性。