庇古税、科斯定理与政府角色的定位--对"污染反弹"现象的分析

为使环境问题的外部效应内部化,庇古税和科斯定理提供了两种不同的思路:前者完全依靠政府干预,后者完全依靠市场机制.针对我国"污染反弹"严重问题,应采取在政府一定程度参与的前提下,主要依靠市场机制来保护环境的方法.而尽快设计和实施符合我国特点的排污权交易制度,则是达到这一目标的最佳选择.     

微积分学基本定理的一个推广

本文给出了微积分学基本定理的一个更强的结果     

Robustness,Infinitesimal Neighborhoods,and Moment Restrictions

This paper is concerned with robust estimation under moment restrictions. A moment restriction model is semiparametric and distribution‐free; therefore it imposes mild assumptions. Yet it is reasonable to expect that the probability law of observations may have some deviations from the ideal distribution being modeled, due to various factors such as measurement errors. It is then sensible to seek an estimation procedure that is robust against slight perturbation in the probability measure that generates observations. This paper considers local deviations within shrinking topological neighborhoods to develop its large sample theory, so that both bias and variance matter asymptotically. The main result shows that there exists a computationally convenient estimator that achieves optimal minimax robust properties. It is semiparametrically efficient when the model assumption holds, and, at the same time, it enjoys desirable robust properties when it does not.     

中国剩余定理在研究性教学中的探讨

结合教学实践和科研工作的体会,首先讨论了中国剩余定理证明,并将其推广到多项式形式,其次给出了其在多项式环和 IMO 竞赛中等方面的应用,最后在对研究性教学进行了深刻分析,为数学本科教学改革提供了若干有意义的参考。     

Testing Exponentiality Against Laplace Order Dominance-

We present a statistical procedure to test that a life distribution belongs to the class of exponential distributions against that it belongs to a class of alternatives based on the Laplace transform. The test has been shown to be consistent and the asymptotic distribution of the test statistic has been obtained. The performance of the test against various classes of alternatives has been studied by means of Monte Carlo simulation. An interesting characterization theorem for exponentials, which motivates our test procedure, has been proved.     

Using the chinese remainder theorem in constructing confounded designs for mixed factorial experiments

A procedure for constructing confounded designs for mixed factorial experiments derived from the Chinese Remainder Theorem is presented. The present procedure as well as others, all through use of modular arithmetic, are compared.     

The multivariate Markov and multiple Chebyshev inequalities

Abstract

A sharp probability inequality named the multivariate Markov inequality is derived for the intersection of the survival functions for non-negative random variables as an extension of the Markov inequality for a single variable. The corresponding result in Chebyshev’s inequality is also obtained as a special case of the multivariate Markov inequality, which is called the multiple Chebyshev inequality to distinguish from the multivariate Chebyshev inequality for a quadratic form of standardized uncorrelated variables. Further, the results are extended to the inequalities for the union of the survival functions and those with lower bounds.     

Relative Utilitarianism

‘If empirically meaningful interpersonal comparisons have to be based on indifference maps, as we have argued, then the Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives must be violated. The information which enables us to assert that individual A prefers x to y more strongly than B prefers y to x must be based on comparisons by A and B of x and y not only to each other but also to other alternatives. Kenneth J. Arrow, ‘Social Choice and Individual Values, p. 112. In a framework of preferences over lotteries, we show that an axiom system consisting of weakened versions of Arrow's axioms has a unique solution. ‘Relative Utilitarianism’ consists of first normalizing individual von Neumann-Morgenstern utilities between 0 and 1 and then summing them.     

A Cascaded Inference Model for Evaluation of the Internal Audit Report*

This paper provides a normative framework for how external auditors should evaluate internal audit (IA) work, with a view to assessing the risk of material misstatement. The central issue facing the external auditor when evaluating IA work is the reliability of IA work. Reliability assessments are structured using the cascaded inference framework from behavioral decision theory, in which attributes of source reliability are explicitly modeled and combined using Bayes' rule in order to determine the inferential value of IA work. Results suggest that the inferential value of an IA report is highly sensitive to internal auditor reporting bias, but relatively insensitive to reporting veracity. Veracity refers to internal auditors' propensity to report truthfully, whereas bias refers to the propensity to misreport findings. Results also indicate that this sensitivity to reporting bias is conditional on the level of internal auditor competence, thus suggesting significant interaction effects between the objectivity and competence factors. Collectively, these findings suggest that the impact of source reliability attributes may be more complex than portrayed in the auditing standards and that recognizing these subtleties may lead to greater efficiency and effectiveness.     

The echelon Markov and Chebyshev inequalities

Abstract

A multivariate version of the sharp Markov inequality is derived, when associated probabilities are extended to segments of the supports of non-negative random variables, where the probabilities take echelon forms. It is shown that when some positive lower bounds of these probabilities are available, the multivariate Markov inequality without the echelon forms is improved. The corresponding results for Chebyshev’s inequality are also obtained.