收入分配不平等的概念及其度量综述

收入分配是经济学研究的重要领域之一。收入分配的不平等状况可以有实证和规范两种方法分析。实证方法描述收入分配中分散程度的实际模式,并用一种统计量(值)来概括。实证方法除了常见的频数图、洛伦兹曲线和泰尔指数外,还有著名的帕雷托分布和对数正态分布。规范法建立在一种价值判断之上,用社会福利函数度量不平等的程度。阿特金森指数(AtkinsomIndex)是最常用的由规范法导出的不平等指标。     

生命周期视角下与收入相关的健康不平等分析——基于组群分析的方法

本文利用中国健康与营养调查数据,从生命周期的视角对与收入相关的健康不平等的年龄特征和变动进行了基于组群分析的实证研究。研究结果表明：与收入相关的健康不平等随着年龄的增长不断扩大：不同年龄段的健康不平等均呈现不断扩大的变动趋势,45岁以上人群的变动幅度要相对大于45岁以下人群;教育、收入和医疗的不平等是与收入相关的健康不平等扩大的主要原因,但是对45岁以下人群健康不平等的影响要大于45岁以上人群;此外,本文还进一步分析了年龄老化对健康不平等变化的影响路径。     

等价交换中的不平等问题研究

劳动生产率差异、供求非均衡、垄断、非对称信息和非市场定价等条件下的商品交换都会产生不平等问题,但这类不平等问题都源于不等价交换。实际上,商品的等价交换仍然会产生不平等问题,其直接原因在于生产价格的形成,而生产价格的形成是隶属于不同所有者或利益主体的资本追逐利润的结果。生产价格形成后,价值(剩余价值)在不同产业或地区之间发生了转移,劳动投入和所得不再完全一致。不过,这种不一致在一国范围内和世界市场上具有本质的区别。     

社会分层与社会和谐

一、社会分层与社会和谐:社会学永恒的话题在所有的社会中,人们一生下来就面对着不平等,即缺少平等的途径以得到社会所提供的满足欲望的物品(戴维·波普诺,1999:239)。因此,在所有的社会中,都如同地质结构一样,存在着高低有序的等级层次,即社会分层。社会分层是社会学永恒的话题。自社会学的经典时代起,就形成了马克思和韦伯两种传统,此后,关于社会分层的研究就从未脱离西方主流社会学的视线。1在国内学界,社会分层研究也是方兴未艾,其态势正如边燕杰(1999)所言,“制度转型时期的社会分层研究成为近年来社会学研究的一个热点,也是社会科学、…     

变差可积鞅及条件变差可积鞅的最优系数不等式

设f是条件变差可积鞅 ,则有‖f‖p≤ 1P‖f‖ap　 0 相似文献   

The effects of correlation among observations on the consistency property of sample variance

It is well known that even when the sample observations are correlated and not normal the sample variance, S² converges in probability to E(S²). But the required sample size for S² to be a consistent estimator of E(S²) is an open question. Some light is shed on this question in this paper. In particular the relation between the rate of convergence and the correlation property of the observations is explored. It is shown that the retardation to the rate of convergence is not appreciable if the correlation is moderate but it can be severe for extreme correlations.     

Some inequalities in elementary special functions with applications to nonparametric statistical inference

Some inequalities are established in P₁(r, s) and P₁(r+1, s), where P₁(r, s) is the confidence coefficient of Wilks’ (1962) outer confidence interval (X_(r) X_(s)) for the quantile interval (ξ_p1, ξ_p2). An inequality concerning incomplete beta functions is also presented and it is shown to be an improved version of one of Koti's (1989) inequalities.     

Some Matrix Norm Kantorovich Inequalities and Their Applications

In this article, we first present four matrix norm Kantorovich-type inequalities involving non negative definite matrix. Then, based on these inequalities, we propose four new efficiency criteria and present their lower bounds to make efficiency comparisons between the ordinary least squares estimator and the best linear unbiased estimator in a singular linear model.     

Racial differences in high school dropout rates: An analysis of U.S. Metropolitan areas

In this paper, we explore the differences in high school dropout rates among white, black and Hispanic students in 275 U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) in 2000. Our analysis focuses on the impact of community and labor market conditions, in hopes of providing insight into the relationship between place and educational outcomes. The explanatory power of our regression models is mixed across racial groups, performing best for whites and Hispanics. Our results also indicate that community factors – most importantly, same-race adult educational attainment in the community, teenage birth rates and residential stability – have a greater impact on dropout rates than labor market factors. Our results suggest that as education reform moves toward broad-based solutions to improve student outcomes including dropout rates, it will be increasingly important to address the structural origins of inequality outside of schools.     

Vertical Axes on the Long-Term Care Continuum

Abstract

As the continuum of long-term care has expanded, public funding has not accompanied new care options. I detail access, provider profits and resources, and care quality in two types of residential care that fall in the center of the continuum, assisted living and board and care. These two options provide examples of how limited public funding leads to vertical axes, which represent access to services, the resources providers draw on to give care, and the quality of long-term care services, at each service point on the long-term care continuum.