代际累积与子代住房资源获得的不平等:基于广州的个案分析

本文通过"代际累积"概念探讨了父代住房支持的差异引发的子代住房不平等问题。参考以往通过"优势累积/劣势累积"两条因果路径分析社会不平等的方法和最新文献对累积过程的关注,本研究将弥补以往累积与社会不平等研究忽视代际分析的不足,从因果机制和过程分析两方面推进代际累积对住房不平等的解释。对前者的研究发现,住房制度改革拓宽了个体住房资源获得的渠道,父代家庭对子代的住房支持从无到有、由小变大,其对住房不平等的影响也日渐凸显;对后者的研究表明,代际累积这一因果机制所解释的住房不平等并非稳定不变的,受一些因素的影响,既有累积趋势可能会发生异于原初累积方向的变动,甚至是累积断裂。这一发现弥补了代际优势/劣势累积这一因果机制未能澄清累积过程中波动存在的理论缺憾。     

From institutional segmentation to market fragmentation: Institutional transformation and the shifting stratification order in urban China

Focusing on the changing roles of organizations, this study develops an institutional framework to examine the shifting stratification order since the mid-1990s in urban China. We argue that, after the mid-1990s, the Chinese state led a dual process of institutional transformation. On the one hand, the state dismantled the socialist redistributive system and broke down institutional segmentation based on organizational ownership and bureaucratic rank. On the other hand, the state developed different markets with various paces and strategies, resulting in fragmented market environments. In this context, reformed organizations interacted with heterogeneous market conditions to exert different impacts on multiple dimensions of social inequality. We draw empirical evidence from two national survey data collected in 1994 and 2003 during a critical period. Our findings show that the foundation of the stratification order has shifted from institutional segmentation to market fragmentation in urban China. This study calls for substantive institutional analysis to better understand the intricate landscape of social inequality in transitional economies.     

Why Do(n't) they leave?: Motherhood and women's job mobility

Although the relationship between motherhood and women's labor market exits has received a great deal of popular and empirical attention in recent years, far less is known about the relationship between motherhood and women's job changes. In this paper, I use panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979) (NLSY79) and Cox regression models to examine how motherhood influences the types of job changes and employment exits women make and how this varies by racial-ethnic group. I find preschool-age children are largely immobilizing for white women, as they discourage these women from making the types of voluntary job changes that are often associated with wage growth. No such effects were found for Black or Hispanic women.     

Economic transition,school expansion and educational inequality in China, 1990–2000

This paper examines the trends in educational stratification during China's economic reforms in the 1990s. Based on the sample data of population censuses in 1990 and 2000, school-age children were matched to their parents’ background information, and the effects of family background on their school enrollment and continuation were investigated. Results show that despite the substantial expansion of educational opportunities in the decade, family background continues to play an important role in determining school enrollment status and school transitions. During the decade, children of rural-hukou status became more disadvantaged compared to their urban counterparts, and the effect of their father's socioeconomic status on school enrollment was enhanced. Despite the fact that children of rural-hukou status gained relatively more opportunities at junior high school level, as a result of nationwide saturation at the 9-year compulsory education, the rural–urban gap in the likelihood of transition to senior high school level enlarged, and the effect of their father's socioeconomic status increased—even after controlling for regional variations in economic development.     

民生指标区域不平等指数解析

发展和公平两者不可分离,不注重公平的发展必然偏离和谐的轨道。利用洛伦兹曲线和基尼系数的计算方法得出的民生指标不平等指数显示：中国的区域不平等问题在农村比在城市更为严重;社会保障的不平等和医疗保障的巨大差距远远超过收入的不平等。适当的政策组合可以促进从“不平等陷阱”向公平发展的良性循环转变。     

Group-based differences in intra-generational earnings mobility in Israel

High earnings inequality, by itself, is less of a problem if a society is characterized by high earnings mobility rates. Using the matched 1983–1995 census file created by the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics, which includes data for individuals who were included in both the 1983 and 1995 demographic samples of the census, this study focuses on the differential mobility rates of the various gender–ethnic groups in the Israeli labor market, as well as on the determinants of upward earnings mobility. The findings indicate that rising inequality between the dominant and subordinate groups slows down the impact of high rates of earnings mobility in Israel. Specifically, native-born Ashkenazi men (the most advantaged group) have a firm hold on the high earnings positions. Furthermore, the data show that the earnings gap between Ashkenazi men and most other groups has increased over time. Although the other groups, particularly women, also experienced some upward mobility, this mobility took place across the lower quintiles, where earnings are low.     

Analytical proofs of classical inequalities between Spearman's and Kendall's

Short analytical proofs are given for classical inequalities due to Daniels [1950. Rank correlation and population models. J. Roy. Statist. Soc. Ser. B 12, 171–181; 1951. Note on Durbin and Stuart's formula for E(r_s). J. Roy. Statist. Soc. Ser. B 13, 310] and Durbin and Stuart [1951. Inversions and rank correlation coefficients. J. Roy. Statist. Soc. Ser. B 13, 303–309] relating Spearman's ρ and Kendall's τ.     

超网络初探

对近年来出现的超网络的理论和应用进行了述评。超网络乃是高于而又超于现存网络的网络,或者说是网络组成的网络,存在于物流网络、信息网络和资金网络等相交织的复杂系统之中。对复杂网络的特征和定义、已有的基于变分不等式与基于超图的超网络分析方法作了介绍,并对今后的发展与有待解决的问题进行了探讨。     

19世纪末20世纪初美国服装厂中的犹太移民女工境遇探析

19世纪末20世纪初,一大批东欧犹太女性进入美国。犹太女性移民大都因为生活贫困不得不进入就业市场,又因为传统文化和人际关系网络而主要进入美国工业化城市中的服装厂工作。这些犹太服装女工以年轻未婚女性为主,大都作为廉价劳动力分布在制衣生产线的基础性岗位上,面临职业升迁困难,工资处于低水平,以及遭遇性别歧视等困境。对于这样的工作境遇,她们一方面积极适应美国工厂的生产方式,同时也通过跳槽、参加工会和罢工等方式进行抗争,但大多数女性在婚后回归家庭,结束工厂职业生涯,选择以家庭为中心开展新的经济参与活动。