东晋南朝医学知识的新发展:以医家、病者为中心的研究

本文以医家、病者为中心,结合医籍的相关叙述,来探讨东晋南朝医学知识的新发展。文中分析指出,此时期医家与病者多数都是出自社会地位较高的士大夫阶层。作为病者,他们世代内部通婚,过度优逸,嗜好饮酒,易受精神刺激,早婚多妾侍,多种因素导致了体貌柔弱,不堪劳作。显现于医学典籍,则是许多医方以体质偏虚之人为预设目标。而又作为医家的他们,传习家学,博通医术,或由信仰之故,兼修岐黄,这促使医界病源学理盛行以及佛道知识常被引入医书。综合诸历史迹象,作者认为东晋南朝医学知识有显著的贵胜特点。     

新发现的南社诗人张素小说作品

《远东报》是晚清东北地区最早的中文报纸,其“文苑”专栏所刊载的大量文学作品,至今尚未引起学界关注。当时主持《远东报》笔政的乃是南社诗人张素,他以“婴”或“婴公”为笔名,在《远东报》上刊发了他的长篇小说《最新之儒林外史》和若干诗词作品。通过对这些材料的搜集与整理,丰富了我们对这位南社诗人的认识。     

魏晋六朝价值观的非道德倾向与侠的功业意识

魏晋六朝时代,崇侠尚武意识带有明显的非道德性倾向。这一时代有卓异武功及特殊才能的人得到格外重视,豪强们纷纷网罗个人势力,即使这些人年少时曾有失检越轨行为,然而非但不构成其得到提拔重用的障碍,反倒恰恰说明他具有出相入将、沙场建勋的英雄气质。这种情形的描写模式在后世史书、乃至野史笔记和小说中仍在持续沿用。侠义人物自身这种曲折的奋斗历程值得注意,然而更值得注意的是作者记载的方式。人才价值观上的重才轻德,有助于侠文学主题向江湖文化、民间俗文学靠近,从而为后世文人诗歌的功业之咏与下层的民俗传闻,构成了较多共生互动的条件契机,也增加了侠主题史突出的“泛文学”特色。     

The Best and Worst Times of Life: Narratives and Assessments of Subjective Well-Being by Anamnestic Comparative Self Assessment (ACSA) in the Eastern Cape,South Africa

The Anamnestic Comparative Self Assessment (ACSA) measure of subjective well-being (SWB) aims to reduce the problems of cultural bias and relativity to external standards by allowing people to define the endpoints or ‘anchors’ of the measurement scale. In medical terminology anamnestic denotes ‘based on memory’. The ACSA uses subjects’ memories of the best and worst periods in their lives to define the anchors of the scale. They then assess their current quality of life relative to these personal anchors. The South African pilot study tested the match between self-assessment of SWB with ACSA and the conventional single-item measures of life satisfaction and happiness used in the South African Quality of Life Trends Study and analysed the narratives of the best and worst times of life. The quota sample of 46 consisted of 26 residents of Makana district in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, and 20 patients undergoing treatment in the local TB hospital. Mean SWB ratings with all three measures of life satisfaction, happiness and ACSA were between 5 and 6 on a 0–10-point scale. Ratings on all three scales were positively correlated. However, on ACSA the TB patients rated their current SWB 1.84 points lower than the community respondents, suggesting a greater sensitivity of this measure. It was observed that the starting points of the life stories produced by respondents to define the anchor periods for ACSA were related to their current assessment of SWB. A typology was developed that combined the starting point of the life stories with current SWB. The majority of community respondents matched the ‘Achiever’ type who scored positively on ACSA (i.e., above the mid-point of the scale) and whose life stories started with the worst period of their lives and proceeded to the best period. The TB patients were the only respondents to represent the ‘Survivor’ type whose morale had recovered after misfortune in life. ‘Survivors’ started their narratives with the best period in their lives, then moved to the worst (often health-related) one, and gave positive ACSA ratings. Based on the qualitative analysis of narratives, it is concluded that ACSA is a sensitive measurement instrument and therefore particularly useful for monitoring the effects of treatments and social interventions in longitudinal studies. However, further research is required to verify its cross-cultural validity.

元明两朝治藏政策及其特点

元朝和明朝是我国封建社会发展的重要时期;在元明两代中央政府的治理下,当时的西藏社会取得了重大发展,可以说两朝对西藏都进行了有效的管理.元朝和明朝的治藏政策既有共同的一面又各具特色,文章仅从"独尊一派"和"多封众建"来分析元明两朝治藏政策的特点.     

魏晋南北朝时期疾疫研究综述（1980～2006）

魏晋南北朝时期是中国古代疾疫的高发阶段,一些学者们对这方面的研究颇为重视。20世纪80年代以来,随着认识和研究的不断深入,研究成果层出不穷,一些独特的研究方法及其特点也逐渐呈现出来。总结经验,抓住薄弱环节,有助于此项研究进一步得到深入。     

论明清小说评点中诗性精神与文学精神的圆融统一

诗性精神和文学精神既相互区别,又互相重合。明清小说评点家在评点小说的过程中,往往借他人之酒杯,消己胸中之块垒,体现出强烈的诗性精神。但同时,他们又自觉地从小说创作规律和读者审美需求的层面上揭示出小说的本质特征,体现出积极的文学精神,并且诗性精神和文学精神达到了高度的圆融统一。     

South Africa's 'Rainbow People', National Pride and Happiness

Since the first free elections were held in April 1994, South Africans are popularly known as the 'rainbow people'. The paper inquires whether South Africans who experienced pride in their nation in the first years of democracy also perceived a greater sense of subjective well-being. It is proposed that national pride in post-apartheid South Africa might be fused with or work through self-esteem to lift levels of happiness. The paper traces the history of the new integrating civil religion of the rainbow people and the acceptance of the rainbow as a political symbol of unity among the diverse people of South Africa immediately after the 1994 elections and two years later. The proposed link between national pride and happiness was explored with data from two independent national surveys, the 1995 South African World Values Survey conducted by Markinor and a June 1996 MarkData syndicated omnibus survey. The study found that the appeal of the rainbow as political symbol was inclusive of all groups in society and that feelings of national pride and support for the rainbow ideal were positively associated with subjective well-being. As indicated by intensity and frequency measures, the majority of South Africans were proud of their country and could name a national achievement that inspired pride. Better-off South Africans tended to be happier and more satisfied with life but less proud, while the poor were less happy but fiercely proud of their country. Results suggest that belief in South Africa's 'rainbow nation' ideal may have assisted in boosting happiness during the transition to a stable democracy, thereby preventing alienation among the losers under the new political dispensation. Supporters of the ideal of the rainbow nation were more optimistic than others about the future of their country.     

关于朝鲜族女性涉外婚姻基本模式的探讨——以嫁到韩国的朝鲜族女性为个案研究

朝鲜族女性的涉外婚姻,从其婚姻动机、交往途径、婚姻现状看,都具有"交换"的性质,其基本模式为"交换婚姻".由于这种"交换"关系并非感情与感情的交换,故婚姻关系带有很多的不确定性.     

南宋时期江南农村市场与商品经济

南宋时期,江南农村市场快速成长,开始形成较为完整的区域体系。其中,广泛兴起的各种集市将市场活动扩散到农村各个角落,使农民零散的交易活动纳入到一定地域范围的商品流通网络之中,由此发挥出初级市场的作用。镇市则属于更为成熟的市场形式,不仅商品流通规模大,辐射范围广,而且与城市市场和跨地区市场联系密切,因而具有中心市场的特点。在此基础上,江南农村多层次的商品流通日趋活跃,跨地区的市场联系不断加强,进而在一定程度上出现了商品生产的地域分工格局。小农经济也发生相应变化,农村家庭的消费和生产活动逐渐呈现出由传统的自给自足模式向市场供给和商品化生产转变的趋向。但此期江南农村市场和商品经济的发展总体上仍相当有限,且明显受人口增长压力和宋廷赋税货币化政策的影响,某些方面甚至可以说是畸形的繁荣。