Comparative Risk Analysis of Dioxins in Fish and Fine Particles from Heavy-Duty Vehicles

Dioxins and airborne fine particles are both environmental health problems that have been the subject of active public debate. Knowledge on fine particles has increased substantially during the last 10 years, and even the current, lowered levels in the Europe and in the United States appear to be a major public health problem. On the other hand, dioxins are ubiquitous persistent contaminants, some being carcinogens at high doses, and therefore of great concern. Our aim was to (a) quantitatively analyze the two pollutant health risks and (b) study the changes in risk in view of the current and forthcoming EU legislations on pollutants. We performed a comparative risk assessment for both pollutants in the Helsinki metropolitan area (Finland) and estimated the health effects with several scenarios. For primary fine particles: a comparison between the present emission situation for heavy-duty vehicles and the new fine particle emission standards set by the EU. For dioxins: an EU directive that regulates commercial fishing of Baltic salmon and herring that exceed the dioxin concentration limit set for fish meat, and a derogation (= exemption) from the directive for these two species. Both of these two decisions are very topical issues and this study estimates the expected changes in health effects due to these regulations. It was found that the estimated fine particle risk clearly outweighed the estimated dioxin risk. A substantial improvement to public health could be achieved by initiating reductions in emission standards; about 30 avoided premature deaths annually in the study area. In addition, the benefits of fish consumption due to omega-3 exposure were notably higher than the potential dioxin cancer risk. Both regulations were instigated as ways of promoting public health.     

The Use of Human Experience Data in the EU Risk Assessment Process

The incorporation of human experience data (HD) into the risk assessment process is encouraged by various authorities with the aim of improving the robustness of the subsequent findings. HD, however, can present in many forms, ranging from epidemiological studies to the accumulated experiences from poison centers. This diversity of the human experience, combined with the manner in which it may (or may not) present, creates several challenges for risk assessors if they are to give available HD due weight in the RA process. An evaluation was made of how HD has been cited and used within the 64 human health RAs published by the EU to the end of 2005. In all RAs, HD had been cited to some degree. But there was no consistency between how cited data had subsequently been taken forward and used in the evaluation of different endpoints, either between the RAs authored by the same or different EU Member States. The lack of any accepted guidance for addressing the role that HD can play within the RA process appears to lead to this situation. Recommendations are provided on the scope and focus such guidance could usefully be expected to take.     

论延安战争小说与苏联战争小说的内在联系

共同的创作观和历史背景，使延安战争小说和苏联战争小说有明显的内在精神联系，两国作家均按战争的逻辑层次来表现战争，有意将战争浪漫化，尽量避免对战争残酷性展示，缺乏对战争悲剧性的深刻剖析。     

论西南联大诗人群的学院文化背景

西南联大诗人群诞生于西南联大这个特殊的大学校园。在战争的残酷环境中，西南联大保持了一个相对自足的学院空间。这学院空间所蕴含的丰厚的精神、文化资源孕育、滋养了西南联大诗人群的成长与成熟。其诗歌创作也显示出超越时代抗战文学潮流的学院色彩，具有鲜明的学院文化背景。这种学院文化精神要素在诸多方面构成了西南联大诗人群的独特存在，使其成为1940年代的一个特殊的诗人群体。     

鲍罗廷与中国大革命的失败

第一次国共合作时期,鲍罗廷在共产党与国民党争夺统一战线领导权的斗争中,支持国民党、压制共产党;帮助国民党建立军队,阻止共产党发展自已独立领导的武装;鲍罗廷的错误是大革命失败的重要原因。     

试析聚合基金对欧洲一体化的影响

为缩小不同地区间的经济发展差距。欧盟建立了针对落后成员国的地区发展基金——聚合基金。聚合基金有一套完善的运作机制．确保其实施效果的最大化。聚合基金促进了受益国的经济社会发展以及欧盟的经济社会聚合，推动了欧洲一体化的进程。     

从前苏联解体看民生问题的重要性

构建社会主义和谐社会的根本问题是解决好民生问题,历史的教训是值得我们深思的。通过对前苏联解体的历史事实的分析,认为关注民生,重视民生、保障民生、改善民生是贯彻落实科学发展观的核心内容,是执政党在我国社会主义初级阶段都必须高度重视的问题。     

鄂豫皖老区小城镇群众体育发展现状的调查

以鄂豫皖老区三省七县小城镇1 260名居民为研究对象,对老区小城镇居民体育活动、体育态度、体育需求和体育消费现状等进行问卷调查与分析.在此基础上.提出现阶段老区小城镇群众体育的发展时策及运作模式.     

论英国对建立冷战后欧盟共同安全与防务政策的态度

冷战结束以来，欧盟一直致力于建立共同的安全与防务政策。但英国作为欧盟中的主要军事强国，却始终对此保持一种消极的态度。究其原因，一是英国对于欧盟的安全问题有自己的看法，二是英国希望维持以北约为基础的跨大西洋安全结构来维护自己的既得利益，三是英国不愿意放弃象征国家主权的防务自主，强调欧盟的安全只能建立在民族国家合作的基础之上。总体而言，就是英国试图在欧盟建立共同安全与防务政策的过程中，最大限度地维护和扩大自身利益；在进行防务合作的同时，尽可能保持自己行动的自主性。     

Convergence or divergence? How the financial crisis affected European pensioners

The Member States of the European Union entered the financial crisis with very different pension systems. Although the use of standard adequacy measures suggest small impacts from the crisis, alternative measures based on pension wealth estimates indicate stronger effects. While the largest continental systems were left relatively unscathed by the crisis, Mediterranean systems were cut back significantly. This should lead to considerable convergence in system generosity across countries. Despite the cuts, state pensions in the stressed economies should still be generous enough to keep the majority of pensioners out of relative poverty, but this depends on a relatively quick turnaround in labour market performance in these countries.