Urban Form,Heart Disease,and Geography: A Case Study in Composite Index Formation and Bayesian Spatial Modeling

Recent studies indicate a relationship between measures of urban form as applied to urban and suburban areas, and obesity, a risk factor for heart disease. Measures of urban form for exurban and rural areas are considerably scarce; such measures could prove useful in measuring relationships between urban form and both mortality and morbidity in such areas. In modeling area-level mortality, geographic relationships between counties warrant consideration because geographically adjacent areas tend to have more in common than areas farther from each other. We modify county-level indices of urban form found in the literature so that they can be applied to exurban and rural counties. We then use these indices in a Bayesian spatial model that accounts for spatial autocorrelation to determine if there is a relationship between such measures and cardiovascular disease mortality for white males age 35 and older for the time period 1999–2001. Issues related to the formation and usefulness of the indices, and issues related to the spatial model, are discussed. Maps of observed and expected relative risk of mortality are presented. Jimmie Givens retired from his service.     

基于行业门类人口的环渤海湾地区区域结构分析

区域经济结构和空间结构是区域结构的两个重要方面。人口是区域特别是经济区域的基本特征之一。各行业门类人口的就业结构和空间分布则同时反映了区域的经济结构和空间结构特征。我们对环渤海湾地区所有的449个县、市、区的就业人口结构和空间分布特征进行主成分分析和聚类分析,探讨相应都市区的结构特征以及都市区的空间组合特征等,进而确定了环渤海湾地区的内部结构。从分析结果来看,环渤海湾地区内部结构相对松散,不是一个紧凑的经济实体单元。作为一个整体,环渤海湾地区远远未达到都市连绵区的水平,虽然其京津地区以及辽中地区初显其连绵区特征。     

城市群发展的新趋势及其启示

城市群的形成是经济和城市自然演化的必然结果,在新历史条件下,城市群发展呈现三大新趋势:大城市的深度拓展与中、小城市的强势整合;城市群产业链与产业集群并行不悖,交错发展;城市空间形态由纵向的中心地模式向对等结网的网络城市转化。当前加速我国城市群发展的关键在于,发挥城市群规划对城市群发展的指导作用。以城市群总体规划为基础,从空间结构调整和强化空间联系两个层面加强城市群管理,加速城市群空间整合和协调发展。     

Is there really such thing as immigrant spatial assimilation in France? Desegregation trends and inequality along ethnoracial lines

This article describes patterns of ethnoracial and socioeconomic neighborhood attainment among North African, sub-Saharan African, and South European immigrants in France. We use French data from Trajectories and Origins to document the effects of assimilation variables such as immigrant generation, age at migration, parental age at migration, mixed ascendance, and socioeconomic status that are rarely available in large scale surveys. A simultaneous equation design is used to show patterns in ethnoracial and socioeconomic desegregation across groups and the contrasting ways in which these outcomes overlap. The findings highlight the weak impact of assimilation variables in accounting for spatial trajectories compared to the predominance of ethnoracial group, and document a higher risk of cumulative spatial disadvantage among North Africans and sub-Saharan Africans. The conclusion discusses the implications of these findings for understanding the ethnoracial dimensions of socio-spatial stratification in France.     

Specification Test for Spatial Autoregressive Models

This article considers a simple test for the correct specification of linear spatial autoregressive models, assuming that the choice of the weight matrix W_n is true. We derive the limiting distributions of the test under the null hypothesis of correct specification and a sequence of local alternatives. We show that the test is free of nuisance parameters asymptotically under the null and prove the consistency of our test. To improve the finite sample performance of our test, we also propose a residual-based wild bootstrap and justify its asymptotic validity. We conduct a small set of Monte Carlo simulations to investigate the finite sample properties of our tests. Finally, we apply the test to two empirical datasets: the vote cast and the economic growth rate. We reject the linear spatial autoregressive model in the vote cast example but fail to reject it in the economic growth rate example. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.     

The application of micro-geographic economic analysis in urban policy evaluation

The paper investigates the broadening area of research utilizing micro-geographic economic analysis to conduct evaluations of area-based policies implemented at a micro-geographic level. It offers the first extensive, critical examination and synthesis of this subset of work including its theoretical foundations, key technical features, and applications for evaluation research. The paper begins by more formally defining the micro-geographic concept and examining the theoretical framework of micro-geographic policies. It then conducts an extensive review of the empirical micro-geographic evaluation literature with a focus on the findings and methodologies. The paper identifies three dominant methodological components (differencing estimates, clear counterfactual selection strategies, and clear methods for the treatment of geography) and proposes a more formalized micro-geographic evaluation framework. It concludes with a discussion of key lessons and new avenues of research.     

甘肃城镇人口布局的时空演变

利用人口普查数据,采用ESDA分析技术,从中观层面探讨了2000—2010年甘肃城镇人口布局的时空演变特点：城镇人口布局向中部、南部和东部集中;城镇化模式由中心城市带动向中心城市与中心小城镇互动转变;中南部地区城镇化的动力在增强,但基础依然薄弱。     

Neither global nor local: Heterogeneous connectivity in spatial network structures of world migration

For a long time, geographic regions were considered the dominant spatial arbiter of international migration of people. However, since the late 1970s, many scholars have argued that movements reach beyond contiguous regions to connect distant, dispersed, and previously disconnected countries across the globe. The precise structure of world migration, however, remains an open question. We apply network analysis that incorporates spatial information to international migration-stock data to examine what multilateral structures of world migration have emerged from the interplay of regional concentration (local cohesion) and global interconnectedness (global cohesion) for the period 1960–2000. In the world migration network (WMN), nodes represent countries located in geographic space, and edges represent migrants from an origin country who live in a destination country during each decade. We characterize the large-scale structure and evolution of the WMN by algorithmically detecting international migration communities (i.e., sets of countries that are densely connected via migration) using a generalized modularity function for spatial, temporal, and directed networks. Our findings for the whole network suggest that movements in the WMN deviate significantly from the regional boundaries of the world and that international migration communities have become globally interconnected over time. However, we observe a strong variability in the distribution of strengths, neighborhood overlaps, and lengths of migration edges in the WMN. This manifests as three types of communities: global, local, and glocal. We find that long-distance movements in global communities bridge multiple non-contiguous countries, whereas local (and, to a lesser extent, glocal) communities remain trapped in contiguous geographic regions (or neighboring regions) for almost the whole period, contributing to a spatially fragmented WMN. Our findings demonstrate that world migration is neither regionally concentrated nor globally interconnected, but instead exhibits a heterogeneous connectivity pattern that channels unequal migration opportunities across the world.     

台州市商务旅游区的布局构想

分析了台州商务旅游的发展前景,提出台州商务旅游区的布局应＂宜商＂又＂宜旅＂,为商务旅游者提供丰富的商务活动资源的同时,能满足其心理、生理方面的人文关怀。科学合理布局商务旅游区,提升台州商务旅游的品质。