宪法全面修改与部分修改的比较

宪法修改可分为全面修改和部分修改两种主要方式.全面修改和部分修改除了形式上的差别外,二者还存在认识论、修改评价等方面的重大区别.     

和谐发展:“人的全面发展”理论的时代主题

在专业、集约化生产越来越发达的条件下,人的全面发展如何可能?马克思"人的全面发展"理论的深层旨趣不仅仅是指能力的发展,更是追求社会的和谐.针对资本主义早期发展阶段劳动异化的状况,马克思主义经典作家强调变革旧的生产关系,促进人的发展.在现代化向纵深发展的当今时代,人的和谐发展则成为"人的全面发展"理论的主题.     

Goodness of fit for the inverse Gaussian distribution

For testing the fit of the inverse Gaussian distribution with unknown parameters, the empirical distribution-function statistic A² is studied. Two procedures are followed in constructing the test statistic; they yield the same asymptotic distribution. In the first procedure the parameters in the distribution function are directly estimated, and in the second the distribution function is estimated by its Rao-Blackwell distribution estimator. A table is given for the asymptotic critical points of A². These are shown to depend only on the ratio of the unknown parameters. An analysis is provided of the effect of estimating the ratio to enter the table for A². This analysis enables the proposal of the complete operating procedure, which is sustained by a Monte Carlo study.     

A Bayesian method for classification and discrimination

We discuss Bayesian analyses of traditional normal-mixture models for classification and discrimination. The development involves application of an iterative resampling approach to Monte Carlo inference, commonly called Gibbs sampling, and demonstrates routine application. We stress the benefits of exact analyses over traditional classification and discrimination techniques, including the ease with which such analyses may be performed in a quite general setting, with possibly several normal-mixture components having different covariance matrices, the computation of exact posterior classification probabilities for observed data and for future cases to be classified, and posterior distributions for these probabilities that allow for assessment of second-level uncertainties in classification.     

Deconvolution with supersmooth distributions

Nonparametric deconvolution problems require one to recover an unknown density when the data are contaminated with errors. Optimal global rates of convergence are found under the weighted L_p-loss (1 ≤ p ≤ ∞). It appears that the optimal rates of convergence are extremely low for supersmooth error distributions. To resolve this difficulty, we examine how high the noise level can be for deconvolution to be feasible, and for the deconvolution estimate to be as good as the ordinary density estimate. It is shown that if the noise level is not too high, nonparametric Gaussian deconvolution can still be practical. Several simulation studies are also presented.     

Effects of gall volume on survival and fecundity of gall-making aphidsAdelges japonicus (Homoptera: Adelgidae)

Summary The number of larvae reaching maturity within the gall ofAdelges japonicus was positively related to gall volume, and the relationship between the number of mature larvae and gall volume did not change with different densities of colonized larvae. The population changes in the bud galls ofA. japonicus were surveyed by collecting the galls, which did not suffer predation or parasitism within the galls, from young artificial plantations ofPicea jezoensis over two years. In the year when the density of colonized larvae was high, they suffered a 42% mortality within the galls, whereas mortality was nearly zero in the low density year. The numbers of larvae per gall were positively correlated with gall volume. The regression lines of the number of colonized larvae on gall volume did not differ significantly in the regression coefficients between the two years, whereas the intercept was significantly higher in the year when the density of colonized larvae was higher. However, different within-gall mortality nullified this difference, and the regression lines of the number of mature larvae on gall volume had no significant difference both in the regression coefficients and the intercepts. This suggests that the number of mature larvae per gall was limited by available resources within the gall which were positively related to gall volume. In 25% of the galls in which mature larvae inhabited, the space within the galls were completely filled by the larvae, indicating that space was one of the limiting resources. Gall volume also affected the number of adults that emerged from the gall and the potential number of their progeny.     

TESTING SPHERICITY UNDER A MIXTURE MODEL

The robustness of Mauchly's sphericity test criterion when sampling from a mixture of two multivariate normal distributions is studied. The distribution of the sphericity test criterion when the sample covariance matrix has a non-central Wishart density of rank one is derived in terms of Meijer's G-functions; its distribution under the mixture model is then deduced. The robustness is studied by computing actual significance levels of the test under the mixture model using the critical values under the usual normal model.     

论行为管理手段的“四制”关系

管理行为不同层次的矛盾有其特殊性,可以选择不同的方法加以解决。制度在行为管理手段中有其适用范围,此外,机制、“人制”、自制也是行为管理的另外三种有效手段,这四种行为管理手段有着各自的特点和适用范围,有鉴别地应用好这四种行为管理手段,可以有效地解释行为管理的现象,并可指导行为管理实践。     

高校师德建设的思考

师德建设事关高校办学方向和人才培养质量。在新时期客观分析师德建设状况,加强和改进师德建设是全面贯彻党的教育方针的重要保证,是培养社会主义事业建设者和接班人的必然要求。     

贾府的道教风俗及其“悲凉之雾”

道教的消灾祈祥法术在文学巨著《红楼梦》中得到了充分的展现:在贾府,无论主子或奴婢,有的佩戴护身符欲消灾避祸,“仙寿恒昌”;有的炼丹烧汞欲升为神仙;有的打醮设道场欲解除冤孽;有的作法欲诅咒他人等。然而,那些欲消灾者病缠身,欲成仙者命早亡,欲害人者先害己,落了个烟消云散的悲惨结局,无不笼罩着浓重的“悲凉之雾”。撩起悲凉的雾纱,可以窥探出曹雪芹对道教“助教化”无望又找不到“补天”良策的彷徨苦闷心情。曲曲悲歌实际是曹雪芹对道教信仰及其法术失灵的形象化宣泄和标示。