关于建立标准人（Standard Person简写SP）体系的假设

人作为生物,也作为社会成员,他们具有不同的个体特征,但同时又具有共同之处,这些共同之处我们可以从人的身体素质、思想素质和科学文化素质等进行比较。标准人体系假设就是试图从这几个重要因素及其子因素对人的影响中确定一个标准人所拥有的条件,以及各因素对标准人的影响权重,也就是对人的条件进行量化,并提出本假设的目的,解决的问题和作者希望通过本假设对社会学、人口学、人类学、人口社会学等学科的研究提供一种新的视角。     

公交车辆在中途站点的排队论分析

公交站台停靠区的排队问题决定了公交车辆的通行能力。把公交中途站台与公交车辆模拟成一个单服务系统、公车到达率 ,两服务率 、 的负指数分布的排队M/M/1/N系统。根据排队论理论,实测计算了北京中关村海淀黄庄、人民大学站点公交车辆排队队长,站内逗留时间等参数。结论为：城市主干道关键站台改造为主、副双公交站台制式以及调整公交线路布设,优化各线路发车频率是花费成本低,畅通成效大的解决站点塞车排队的方法。     

Speculation in Standard Auctions with Resale

In standard auctions resale creates a role for a speculator—a bidder who is commonly known to have no use value for the good on sale. We study this issue in environments with symmetric independent private‐value bidders. For second‐price and English auctions the efficient value‐bidding equilibrium coexists with a continuum of inefficient equilibria in which the speculator wins the auction and makes positive profits. First‐price and Dutch auctions have an essentially unique equilibrium, and whether or not the speculator wins the auction and distorts the final allocation depends on the number of bidders, the value distribution, and the discount factor. Speculators do not make profits in first‐price or Dutch auctions.     

中国城市居民最低生活保障水平分析

以2005年的统计数据为主要依据,通过测算及横向与纵向的比较,对我国城市居民最低生活保障水平进行了分析,目的在于廓清人们对中国目前最低生活保障水平的认识.综合分析表明,尽管在制度设计和具体实施中仍存在缺陷和问题,但保障水平过高肯定不是当前低保制度面临的问题,对低保"养懒汉"的抨击也是一种片面的夸大.     

中外专名在英语中应用形式之比较

文章从文字系统的异同着眼,将进入到英语的外语专名分为罗马化语言的专名和非罗马化语言的专名,在此基础上对中外人名、地名和机构名称在英语中的应用形式进行了简略的对比分析。作者认为,汉语拼音已经使汉语和英语之间形成了一种特殊的书同文现象。汉语专名向英语的转换要做到与国际接轨,就必须满足三个条件：第一,摒弃以跨语言重新命名来形成英语译名的方法;第二,明确界定语义翻译的适用范围;第三,汉语拼音在名称跨语言应用中的地位应予以足够的重视。     

关于《规范汉字表》的几个认识问题

汉字在理据和效率的矛盾统一中,效率始终占据矛盾的主要方面;《规范汉字表》是为全社会绝大多数人和绝大多数场合的文字应用而研制的;汉争的稳定是相对的,变化发展是绝对的,不能以稳定为借口排斥发展;研制《规范汉字表》需要在纷繁复杂的矛盾中寻找最佳平衡点;方案正式颁布、实施之前,有必要在社会各界广泛征求意见。     

广州话三字格词语研究

广州话里活跃着许多三字格惯用语。就语法功能而言，它们介于词和词组之间，可以充当句子成分。而其构成和语源则蕴含着浓郁的广东社会的地域和人文色彩；在语意和语用方面则大多表示贬义和讽刺的意味，颇具幽默、诙谐的特色。对比并分析的方言与普通话的异同，可以揭示出它们之间的联系和脉络。     

Estimation of a standard measuring error by repeated measurements and sortings

A sorting-and-measuring machine (SMM) measures and sorts (classifies) on-line produced items into several groups according to their size. The measuring devices of the SMM perceive the actual item size with a random error ε and classify the item as being smaller than b iff z+ε<b. Here ε is a normal zero-mean r.v. with unknown standard deviation σ which is the main parameter characterizing the precision and technical condition of an SMM. The paper gives the following method of estimating σ. N₀ items are measured and N₁ of them are recognized by the SMM as belonging to the group a<z≤b. These N₁ items are sorted again and N₂ of them return to this group, these are sorted again, and so on. The estimation of σ is based on the statistics N_m/N_n. Moments of the ratio statistics N_m/N_n and their distributional properties are investigated. It turns out that the expected value of N_m/N_n depends almost linearly on σ which allows us to construct ‘almost’ unbiased estimators of type $\text{σ}\text{?}{}_{\mathrm{mn}}\text{=A}\textcolor{red}{}\text{N}{}_{\mathrm{m}}\text{/N}{}_{\mathrm{n}}\text{+B}$ with good propert including robustness with respect to the distribution of item size. Convex combinations of $\text{σ}\text{?}{}_{\mathrm{mn}}$ statistics are considered to obtain an estimator with minimal variance.     

An MM Algorithm for Constrained Estimation in a Road Safety Measure Modeling

We model the effect of a road safety measure on a set of target sites with a control area for each site, and we suppose that the accident data recorded at each site are classified in different mutually exclusive types. We adopt the before–after technique and we assume that at any one target site the total number of accidents recorded is multinomially distibuted between the periods and types of accidents. In this article, we propose a minorization–majorization (MM) algorithm for obtaining the constrained maximum likelihood estimates of the parameter vector. We compare it with a gradient projection–expectation maximization (GP-EM) algorithm, based on gradient projections. The performance of the algorithms is examined through a simulation study of road safety data.     

Balancing employees’ extrinsic requirements and intrinsic motivation: A paradoxical leader behaviour perspective

In this paper, we use self-determination theory to examine the benefits of the use of paradoxical leader behaviour (PLB) by supervisors. We posit that PLB can initiate two complementary mechanisms: a top-down mechanism (perception of leaders' legitimate power) that may encourage employees to satisfy and exceed standard performance criteria, and a bottom-up mechanism (employee intrinsic motivation) that stimulates employees to be proactive. We argue that implementing these mechanisms simultaneously may interactively enhance employee creativity. Our study is based on field data collected from a sample of 392 employees and their supervisors. We find that PLB is positively related to employees’ perception of legitimate power and intrinsic motivation. Furthermore, power perception and intrinsic motivation are associated with standard performance and proactive behaviour, respectively, and these mechanisms jointly influence employee creativity. In demonstrating the efficacy of balancing extrinsic requirements and intrinsic motivation, our findings have significant theoretical and empirical implications for employee motivation.