简述《蓝色旅馆》中的文化特征

斯蒂芬.克莱恩是19世纪末美国自然主义的杰出代表。《蓝色旅馆》被认为是他优秀的西部短篇小说之一。从小说创作的时代背景出发,在19世纪末的美国西部这一特殊的历史语境之下,本文论述了这篇小说中所蕴涵的文化特征。     

Pre- and post-planned evaluation: Which is preferable?

This paper compares the advantages and disadvantages of the “pre-planned” and “post-planned” approaches to evaluating program effectiveness. These evaluative approaches are compared along a number of dimensions which include: (a) Reliability of data and the cost of collecting it; (b) Internal validity; (c) External validity; (d) Evaluation obtrusiveness and threat; and (e) Program goal displacement and program direction. A model designed to help program managers decide when and under what conditions either of these two evaluative approaches should be employed is presented. One major theme throughout this discussion is that despite the growing interest in and use of pre-planned evaluation, the post-planned method has many advantages which often go unnoticed. This paper will help program administrators, planners and evaluators in selecting and implementing these two methods in light of their respective strengths and limitations.     

思德文和他的“美丽的世界”

思德文(Stephen Sayers)在"美丽的世界"唱碟中的词曲创作,以巴哈伊宗教中关于人类团结与和睦的信念为基础,通过较为亲切、自然的具体表述,寓教于乐,传达出一种具有相当特色的创作信息。同时,作品的制作因条件限制和缺乏足够经费支持,尚有一些不尽如人意之处。仅管如此,作品的创意和正面效果,仍值得鼓励并在一定的条件下推广。     

Abe Lincoln in the Age of Obama and Spielberg

Writing of Abe Lincoln after the Civil War, Frederick Douglass foreshadowed a natural divergence when evaluating the 16th president. ‘Viewed from the genuine abolitionist ground’, observed Douglass, ‘Mr. Lincoln seemed tardy, cold, dull and indifferent; but measuring him by the sentiment of his country … he was swift, zealous, radical, and determined’. Douglass himself concluded that ‘Great Emancipator’ had largely failed to imagine anything approaching a biracial America, remaining ‘pre-eminently the white man’s President’. Taking their cue from Douglass, scholars in our own time have largely concurred. A central tenet of Civil War history since the 1950s has revolved around the notion of a great chasm dividing the ‘dull and indifferent’ Lincoln from the zealous and idealistic abolitionists. Only recently, almost coterminous with the ascension of Barack Obama to American presidency, this divide seems to have shrunk and the evaluation of the radicals and the reformer president shown signs of what I call ‘convergence’. Prominent historians now view the radicals and the Republican leader more synoptically. Hollywood has reinforced the new Lincoln in the public eye. Stephen Spielberg has joined the scholars in giving us a Lincoln for the Age of Obama. How long this convergence view will last is open for debate, with the Trump era already reminding Americans that the stark divisions of the present suggest fundamental rifts in the past.     

东西方视野下的古诗十九首研究——以木斋、宇文所安的研究为例

木斋所著《古诗十九首与建安诗歌研究》提出十九首可能产生的时间为建安时期,主要的作者则为曹植,观点新奇,论证严谨。美国学者宇文所安的新著《中国早期古典诗歌的生成》从迥然不同的角度,得出与木斋相近的结论。这两部著作从东西方不同的知识背景、文化视野下观照古诗十九首,为古诗十九首的研究提供新了的视角和方法。     

海外叶燮研究综述

上个世纪,叶燮研究逐渐受到海外汉学家的广泛关注.日本的青木正儿、德国的卜松山、美国的宇文所安等学者分别发挥自己的优长,以区别于国内的视角,并借助相关理论资源和文化资源,运用独特的思维方式和治学方法,推出了各自的研究成果.总结并反思他们的研究内容、研究视角和研究方法,以及存在的各种问题与不足,以给国内学者提供相应的启迪和借鉴.     

文学史写作的反思与重构——论宇文所安的中国古典文学研究

美国汉学家宇文所安在其研究中深刻反思了过去的文学史写作中普遍存在的问题,如分朝界代式的文学时期划分,“从后往前读”的线性解读方式,以名家名作的评介取代文学史全貌,以先行观念决定原始材料的取舍,等等。针对这些弊病,他也做了重写文学史的尝试：将文学文本还原到“话语体系”中考察,在历史的流变中考察文学文本的接受情况,将文学文本视为一个充满不定性的历史生成物。     

宇文所安《隐秀》译释中的隐在互动

本文运用布鲁克斯反讽诗学观照宇文所安对《文心雕龙·隐秀》的解读,提出两者对诗歌构成、美的产生和意义生成的讨论中存在重叠或呼应关系。由此认为宇文所安对中国古代文论进行现代阐释过程中,存在两种异质文论的隐在互动。然而,西方理论背景限制了宇文所安的突破:其所阐释的"隐秀"仍未脱离新批评的理论局限,未能考虑到"文外"的阐释方向,这与中国文论真正达到的理论高度似乎尚隔一层。     

城市居民对旅游影响的感知及差异分析——以武汉市黄鹤楼为例

以黄鹤楼为例,在问卷调查和现场访谈的基础上,运用SPSS软件对调查结果进行数理统计,分析了黄鹤楼周边居民对旅游开发的经济、社会文化、环境影响及对旅游业发展的总体态度的感知及差异,并运用旅游发展阶段理论论证了黄鹤楼旅游发展处于融洽阶段。     

对盛唐诗歌的重新解读——读宇文所安的《盛唐诗》

美国汉学家宇文所安依循中国人的思想模式对盛唐诗歌进行了全新的研究。首先,他从时间、地域及诗歌自身发展三个方面进行分类,重写了八世纪盛唐的文学发展史;其次,从作者所处的社会地位及当时的审美标准对作者进行了重新评定;最后运用细读法对文本进行了重新解读。