Unemployment scarring by gender: Human capital depreciation or stigmatization? Longitudinal evidence from the Netherlands, 1980–2000

Using longitudinal data from the Dutch Labor Force Supply Panel (OSA), this article examines how unemployment scarring (i.e., wage setbacks following unemployment) and its underlying mechanisms operate across gender in the Netherlands over the period 1985–2000. A series of fixed effect panel models that correct for unobserved heterogeneity, reveal a notable disparity in unemployment scarring by gender. Interestingly, while unemployment scarring is short-lived and partly conditional upon human capital differences among women, it is strongly persistent among men and contingent upon old age, ethnicity, and tight economic conditions. Our findings provide new evidence regarding unemployment scarring by gender while they support the hypothesis that among women the effects of unemployment scarring are predominantly driven by human capital depreciation, while among men stigma effects dominate.     

玉米须多糖调节免疫功能研究

经口给予小鼠不同剂量的玉米须多糖20天后,检测结果表明,玉米须多糖具有较强的调节小鼠体液免疫功能和一定程度的调节小鼠巨噬细胞吞噬功能的作用。同时,各剂量玉米须多糖组均未见免疫抑制现象。     

找回“面子” :下岗失业工人的自尊维持

当一个社会群体面临社会地位的骤然跌落时，其群体成员的自尊是否会随之受到影响，怎样做可以保持对自我的积极评价？文章通过阐述国有企业下岗失业工人——以前的“类中产阶级”，现在的底层群体所使用的自尊维持策略，试图对这一问题做出解答。文章的经验资料来源于与14名下岗失业工人的深度访谈以及40名下岗工人的二手访谈资料。在此基础上，文章从3个层面揭示了工人们为维护自尊所使用的各种策略，包括群际层面上的社会比较和社会记忆，群体内层面的群内比较和个体记忆。以及人际层面上的信息控制、疏离、述说和职业修辞。文章认为，在下岗失业后的不同阶段，工人会侧重应用不同的策略来应对自尊面临威胁的状况；身处不同境遇的下岗失业工人对策略的使用也会存在着差别。文章最后提出了影响这些策略有效性的一些因素，包括家庭支持与性别差异。     

Stigma of ink: Tattoo attitudes among college students

We test a structural equations model of stigma against tattooed persons and attitudes toward future tattoos among 195 tattooed and 257 non-tattooed college students. Having tattooed friends and family members undermines stigma against tattooed persons while beliefs about negative side effects of tattooing reinforces stigma assignment. The variables above and the respondent having a tattoo predict attitude toward future tattoos. We test a second model, stigma victimization, drawing on data from the 195 tattooed respondents. While greater tattoo abundance results in greater stigma victimization, respondents with more tattoos also report a greater commitment to their current tattoos and less desire for removal. We discuss results using attitude theory, stigma theory, and the contact theory of prejudice.     

Perceived Stigma and Depression among Black Adolescents in Outpatient Treatment

Despite the high prevalence of depression among children and adolescents, most that need mental health treatment do not seek care. This is especially true for ethnic minority adolescents. Prior research has shown that perceived stigma may act as a barrier to the initiation of and adherence to depression treatment, yet few studies have examined the relationship between stigma and depression among Black adolescents. This exploratory study examined the relationship between Black adolescents' depression severity and their current level of perceived stigma in an outpatient sample. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with a clinical sample of adolescents referred for mental health services at a community-based outpatient clinic (n =108), participating in a prospective pilot study on adolescents' patterns of mental health service use. The analyses revealed that greater depression severity was significantly associated with higher perceived stigma (p < .05), particularly among females. The results also suggest that Black adolescents appear to exhibit an appropriate level of self-assessment regarding their need for mental health services. These results are interpreted in relation to previous literature, and limitations and directions for future research are discussed.     

Differences by Race in Social Work Students’ Social Distancing,Treatment Options,and Perceptions of Causes of Mental Illness

ABSTRACT

Research has shown that racial and cultural differences are related to the degree of social distancing associated with mental illness, beliefs about what causes mental illness, and what treatment options are best; however, there is little information on how this may manifest in social workers’ perceptions of these issues. This cross-sectional survey analyzed the differences in perceptions by race of 835 students enrolled in social work classes in the United States. Results indicated that individuals who self-identify as African American/Black expressed the greatest social distance concerning mental illness. Whites were most likely to endorse the use of medication and were least likely to normalize mental illness. The most frequently endorsed mental health provider varied according to racial/ethnic groups. Our findings show that future research may be needed to further investigate the conceptualization of the role of social work among different groups. The need for self-reflection and keeping biases in check are discussed as implications for social work practice and education. Suggestions for working with diverse clients, including religious diversity, are offered as well.     

污名是阻碍青少年心理求助的主要因素

近20年来中国社会变迁加速，社会转型逐步深入。伴随这一社会进程，青少年心理问题日益凸显，引起了社会各方的广泛关注。可是，令人困惑的是寻求专业帮助的青少年患者很少。对此矛盾的现象，学者有不同的解释。本文认为，社会污名是导致青少年不去寻求专业帮助的主要原因。青少年害怕由于污名所带来的偏见、歧视和社会排斥，因而隐匿自己的心理问题。     

The development of Maisha,a video-assisted counseling intervention to address HIV stigma at entry into antenatal care in Tanzania

HIV stigma has a profound impact on clinical outcomes and undermines the quality of life of people living with HIV (PLWH). Among HIV-negative individuals, misinformation and prejudicial attitudes about HIV can fuel stigma and contribute to discrimination against PLWH. Antenatal care (ANC), with its focus on universal HIV testing, provides a unique entry point to address HIV stigma. This study describes the development of a counseling intervention to address HIV stigma among women and their partners attending a first ANC appointment in Tanzania. Formative work to inform the intervention consisted of qualitative interviews with 32 pregnant and postpartum women (both women living with HIV and HIV-negative women) and 20 healthcare workers. Data were analyzed iteratively, using a thematic analysis approach, to identify intervention targets. The resulting intervention, Maisha (Swahili for “Life”), includes three sessions informed by the HIV Stigma Framework and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: a video and brief counseling session prior to HIV testing and, for those who test seropositive for HIV, two additional sessions building on the video content. A pilot test of the intervention is in process. Addressing HIV stigma at the first ANC visit can help individuals living with HIV to overcome stigma-related barriers to the initiation and maintenance of HIV care, and can reduce stigmatizing attitudes among those who test negative for HIV.     

风险社会中的污名现象研究——基于新冠肺炎疫情时期“湖北人”污名的分析

全球抗击新冠肺炎疫情过程中出现了许多针对不同群体的污名现象。文章以新冠肺炎疫情期间的“湖北人”污名为例,结合风险社会理论分析了风险社会中的污名现象。研究发现,风险社会中的污名现象表现出突发性、内隐性和单向性等突出特点,社会风险及其不确定性带来的恐慌、信任危机以及风险意识的形成和传播等因素共同导致了污名的产生和扩散。污名应对的中国经验表明,结合风险社会的特点,通过政府、专家、媒体和公众的共同努力,有助于提升预防风险和治理风险的能力,合力消除污名,这值得其他国家借鉴,也应进行更深入研究。