污名是阻碍青少年心理求助的主要因素

近20年来中国社会变迁加速，社会转型逐步深入。伴随这一社会进程，青少年心理问题日益凸显，引起了社会各方的广泛关注。可是，令人困惑的是寻求专业帮助的青少年患者很少。对此矛盾的现象，学者有不同的解释。本文认为，社会污名是导致青少年不去寻求专业帮助的主要原因。青少年害怕由于污名所带来的偏见、歧视和社会排斥，因而隐匿自己的心理问题。     

风险社会中的污名现象研究——基于新冠肺炎疫情时期“湖北人”污名的分析

全球抗击新冠肺炎疫情过程中出现了许多针对不同群体的污名现象。文章以新冠肺炎疫情期间的“湖北人”污名为例,结合风险社会理论分析了风险社会中的污名现象。研究发现,风险社会中的污名现象表现出突发性、内隐性和单向性等突出特点,社会风险及其不确定性带来的恐慌、信任危机以及风险意识的形成和传播等因素共同导致了污名的产生和扩散。污名应对的中国经验表明,结合风险社会的特点,通过政府、专家、媒体和公众的共同努力,有助于提升预防风险和治理风险的能力,合力消除污名,这值得其他国家借鉴,也应进行更深入研究。     

Internalized Homophobia,HIV Knowledge,and HIV/AIDS Personal Responsibility Beliefs: Correlates of HIV/AIDS Discrimination among MSM in the Context of Institutionalized Stigma

ABSTRACT

There exists a paucity of research on the psychosocial risk factors of HIV/AIDS among men who have sex with men (MSM) in settings where they are stigmatized or face prosecution. The present study investigates discrimination against people living with HIV (PLHIV), internalized homophobia, HIV/AIDS personal responsibility beliefs and HIV knowledge in a purposive sample of 106 self-identified MSM obtained through a web-based survey disseminated by two voluntary welfare organizations. Results indicate that internalized homophobia is positively associated with discrimination against PLHIV. Internalized homophobia also substantially mediates the effect of HIV/AIDS personal responsibility beliefs on discrimination against PLHIV, highlighting the confounded nature of HIV/AIDS and homosexual stigma in a setting where stigma is deep-rooted and institutionalized. Internalized homophobia may thus serve as a barrier to the effectiveness of HIV prevention efforts among MSM in Singapore.     

Family Experiences of Caring for Relatives Who Have Received Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

The research literature on family members’ experiences of the use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is limited. This article explores the perspectives of family members whose relatives had received ECT. Drawing on a social constructionist perspective, this qualitative study collected data using in-depth interviews with nine families in South Australia, to examine how family members constructed the supports and challenges they experienced. The research found that families experienced a range of social and service system barriers, including social stigma and isolation, and limited support from health professionals. They had to negotiate caring expectations within a social context that stigmatised both mental illness and ECT. A need for ECT-specific mental health support groups was identified.

IMPLICATIONS

• Social workers’ roles in Australian hospitals could be further expanded to accommodate supporting families whose relatives have received ECT, referring families to community support, and advocating for specialist support post-ECT treatment.

• Social workers can further articulate their unique contribution to community care post-ECT treatment and advocate for supporting families.

• Increased focus on ongoing and preventative care for supporting families is a potential growth area for social workers in mental health.

     

听障青少年的污名及其应对策略

任何人类差异都可能成为污名的对象。在社会差别的分类审视下,听障青少年遭遇的污名类型多种多样。从综合视角来看,可分为三类:形象可怕怪异,令人恐惧;身体无用低能,形同朽木;境遇窘迫不堪,让人可怜。在面对这些污名威胁时,他们管理身体与预设的规则体系进行周旋,业已发展出三种污名应对技术:一是身体改造,常态身体的追求;二是身体装扮,秘密信息的管理;三是身体抗争,弱者的对话方式。研究此问题,不仅有利于我们走进听障群体的世界,帮助他们远离污名的困扰,也可以增加社会的相互理解、信任与支持,推动社会的和谐融合。     

The Mark of Madness

Abstract

Stigma is a major barrier to recovery for individuals with mental illnesses. It interferes with community living and attainment of resources and goals and damages self-esteem and self-efficacy. Given that social workers provide much of the mental health care to individuals with mental illnesses, and that actions to reduce stigma support the social justice mission of social work, addressing stigma should be a focus of social work interventions. The goals of this paper are to explore stigma theory in general and for individuals with serious mental illnesses, discuss the implications of this stigma analysis for social work, and make recommendations for action in both practice and research.     

残疾污名的研究进展与展望

残疾污名是针对残疾人负面的刻板印象而引发的偏见和歧视,其消极影响渗透残疾人个人生活和社会参与的诸多方面。现有研究对其成因的解释越来越注重社会文化背景因素。公众污名和自我感知污名是污名测量的主要内容,使用的方法以外显态度测量和内隐社会认知方法为主。当下残疾污名干预的研究主要围绕增加群际接触来改变公众对残疾群体的偏见,采用积极心理干预改变个体自我认知,通过融合教育塑造包容、共享的社会文化三个方面来进行。未来研究可以围绕污名影响的保护机制、残疾人内化污名的差异、残疾污名测量的优化、污名干预效果的评估及干预方式的改进等方面进行。     

Childless in an IVF-nation: online stigma-coping strategies in support groups for childless Israeli women

Drawing from stigma theory, this study examines strategies for coping with stigma in online support forums for Israeli childless women. Quantitative content analysis of two online support forums and in-depth interviews with group members ? for voluntarily childless and for infertile Israeli women ? are used to address the study’s research questions. Childbearing is highly valued in Israeli society and women who do not become mothers end up to be widely and deeply stigmatized. Results indicate that the type of stigma and the social context play an important role in the use of online stigma-coping strategies. Posts discussing stigma dominate both forums. Members of both groups use group identification as a stigma-coping strategy and develop a sense of community to cope with stigma. Nevertheless, group identification is more common in the fertility group, while the stigma challenging occurs significantly more in the voluntarily childless group. Excerpts from interviews with group members shed light on the motivations and benefits of becoming forum members. By addressing the role of computer-mediated communication in coping with the Israeli childless stigma, this study contributes to the stigma and feminist literature by highlighting the ways local pronatalist norms influence the manifestation of different coping strategies in online environments.     

心理疾病污名影响研究与展望

心理疾病污名是加诸在心理疾病患者身上的耻辱标记,主要指由与心理疾病有关的刻板印象引发的社会地位丧失和歧视.研究证实污名的存在会妨碍患者的治疗和康复,污名问题由此引起世界卫生界的广泛关注,其中的一个研究热点就是关于污名影响的研究.标签理论和修正标签理论对污名影响机制进行了分析;污名对心理疾病患者及相关人群的各种影响可从两个方面进行衡量:公众污名和自我污名;抗议、教育和接触是减少污名的有效方法.未来在中国文化背景中开展的心理疾病污名研究,应紧密结合传统文化分析污名的影响机制,并对应对污名策略的可行性进行探索.     

An in-depth mixed-methods approach to Ryan White HIV/AIDS care program comprehensive needs assessment from the Northeast Georgia Public Health District: The significance of patient privacy,psychological health,and social stigma to care

We apply a social-ecological interpretive framework to understanding relationships among patient privacy, psychological health, social stigma, and continuity in care in the HIV treatment cascade in the rural southeastern US. This research was conducted as part of the 2013 comprehensive needs assessment for the Northeast Georgia Ryan White Consortium using an anthropologically informed mixed-methods design, and a deductive-inductive approach to thematic analysis of qualitative data obtained in interviews and focus groups with service providers and service utilizers. Our comprehensive needs assessment yielded two key components. First, we identified salient phenomena influencing introduction to, retention among, and satisfaction of patients in the Ryan White-coordinated treatment cascade in NE-GA. Second, we formulated actionable recommendations around leverage points identified in the current district-wide system of care. Results highlight spatial, institutional, and interpersonal aspects of the system of care that intersect around issues of patient privacy, psychological health, and social stigma. These intersections constitute pathways by which persons living with HIV are exposed to stigma and other negative social signals regarding their health status without sufficient access to behavioral health services. These negative issues, in turn, can erect significant barriers to long-term continuity in care.