Introduction

The present study investigates whether hypothesized cognitive mechanisms of change mediate the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) delivered online for treating depression and anxiety disorders. Articles were included by searching MEDLINE, PsychInfo and PsychArticles databases from January 1980 to March 2011. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (a) randomized clinical trials investigating the role of CBT delivered online, (b) patient sample had clinical or subclinical intensity emotional problems, (c) at least one measure of cognitions was included, (d) the inclusion of a control group, and (e) sufficient data provided to allow calculation of effect sizes. Eleven articles were selected. Results revealed a moderate overall effect size of CBT (d = .67, P < .05) on the combined cognitive and emotional outcomes. A positive impact of online CBT on cognitive factors (d = .69, P < .05) and emotional outcomes (d = .63, P < .05) was independently demonstrated. In conclusion, cognitive-behavioral therapy delivered online can be used as an efficacious treatment for patients with emotional disorders. Assuming causal effects, the data indicate that cognitive factors are an important mechanism of change in online CBT. Future online CBT focusing on changing cognitions are likely to be efficacious.     

Offshoring Business Process Services and Governance Control Mechanisms: An Examination of Service Providers from India

As emerging markets increasingly rely on service businesses through offshore outsourcing, we examine the role of governance control mechanisms in improving performance among business process outsourcing (BPO) service providers in India. Using data collected from 205 emerging market‐based BPO service providers in India, we examine the antecedents and consequences of establishing governance control mechanisms in BPO service providers. Specifically, we examine how structural (use of contracts with the client), administrative (effective allocation and demarcation of responsibilities within the firm), and relational (collaboration and information sharing with the client) mechanisms drive the performance of a BPO service provider operating in an emerging market. We also examine how key task‐related (task connectivity and task security) and client‐related (end customer orientation and global control) antecedents influence the use of different governance control approaches in this environment. Our analysis finds that both task connectivity and task security significantly impact use of structural and administrative mechanisms, whereas end customer orientation is significantly associated with the strength of the relational mechanisms governing the emerging market‐based BPO service provider and its client. Further global control significantly influences the strength of the structural mechanisms between the client and the BPO service provider. Finally, the three mechanisms have a complementary influence in driving the BPO service provider's performance.     

府际权限争议权力机关解决及机制建构

府际权限争议客观存在且日益普遍化现实,亟待一套科学理性解决机制。现行行政机制和行政诉讼机制均存在致命弊端。将府际权限争议交由权力机关解决是必要且可行的。为确保权力机关顺畅解决府际权限争议案件,必须创新诉讼机制,从解决主体、提请主体、受案范围、管辖制度、解决程序等诸方面具体建构中国府际权限争议权力机关解决机制。     

统摄与支撑:学习型社会建设及其三大机制构建之关系简析

学习型社会既是一种社会蓝图,又是一种现实实践。学习型社会理念是三大机制构建的出发点和归宿,具有统摄意义;三大机制构建是学习型社会建设的有力支撑和实现方式。在学习型社会理念向着实践领域的推进中,适切而又接地气的机制导引,显得尤为重要和迫切。     

Direct and Indirect Effects Based on Difference-in-Differences With an Application to Political Preferences Following the Vietnam Draft Lottery

Abstract

We propose a difference-in-differences approach for disentangling a total treatment effect within specific subpopulations into a direct effect and an indirect effect operating through a binary mediating variable. Random treatment assignment along with specific common trend and effect homogeneity assumptions identify the direct effects on the always and never takers, whose mediator is not affected by the treatment, as well as the direct and indirect effects on the compliers, whose mediator reacts to the treatment. In our empirical application, we analyze the impact of the Vietnam draft lottery on political preferences. The results suggest that a high draft risk due to the draft lottery outcome leads to an increase in mild preferences for the Republican Party, but has no effect on strong preferences for either party or on specific political attitudes. The increase in Republican support is mostly driven by the direct effect not operating through the mediator that is military service.     

Integrated Protection, Regional Overall Protection and the Construction of Eco-Cultural Conservation Area

文化生态保护区是我国探索科学保护非物质文化遗产的一个创举。整体性是文化生态保护区的精髓和特色。我国现有＂整体性保护＂和＂区域性整体保护＂两个表述。目前,国家级文化生态保护区建设中整体性保护的探索主要有对文化形态实行综合保护,注重生态环境的综合保护和建设,讲求文化生态保护与社会经济协调发展三种方式。而保护区的建设要有所成就,最终仍倚赖于区域内政府整体协调规划机制的构建和有效实施。     

中小企业单元组织的信息结构及创新机制

信息结构是分析组织治理问题的核心,不同的信息结构会产生相应的治理机制,从而形成不同的治理效率。单元组织模式作为一种中小企业协作创新的有效组织形式,其所表现出来的信息结构与组织的创新机制密切相关。从探讨中小企业单元组织内涵入手,分析单元组织内部成员企业间存在的主要信息结构,能够揭示基于不同信息结构的创新机制。     

文学经典的生成谱系与传播机制

文学经典的生成是一个同时在时间和空间中展开的、持续不断地传播和被接受的过程。在此传播过程中,既有纯文学、纯学术的要素贯注其中,又有非文学、非经典的、世俗的力量介入其间。从这个意义上说,经典不是一个文本,而是一个 '场域'。在这个场域中,各种来自文学和非文学的力量形成的对话和张力使其意义得以生成、增殖和传播。在当下这个时代,我们只能从这个场域出发展开经典研究才能避免将文本细读与社会语境人为割裂的弊病,进而在文学与社会、精英与大众、商业与美学之间架起一座沟通的桥梁。     

线性激励、努力程度与国企经营者行为

本文分析国企经营者在同时决定努力程度和账面利润时的行为选择,经两阶段不完全信息动态博弈分析发现:存在经营者为阻止竞争者进入而刻意不努力工作以压低企业实际盈利的情况,导致隐性国有资产损失。激励机制在监督机制不健全的情况下无太大意义;要杜绝国有资产隐性损失,除强化监督外还必须给经营者提供足够高的绩效薪酬。     

传统地域文化景观空间特征及形成机理

在城市化、工业化、现代化、商业化为主的＂四化＂对传统地域文化景观的影响的过程中,传统与现代、保护继承与创新发展、地方性与国际化的矛盾日益尖锐,导致传统地域文化景观空间发生较大的变化,呈现出不同作用过程下不同的空间特征和不同的形成机理。本文立足传统地域文化景观的保护与可持续发展的体系建立,提出了过滤与分离、适度与协调、保护与维护、培育与参与的调控机制。